The Breakfast Club Film Review Essay Example

The Breakfast Club Film Review Essay â€Å"The Breakfast Club† is about 5 stereotype students spending a Saturday in detention together in a high school library. The scene at which the 5 adolescents are having lunch is chosen to be analyzed. This essay will present how John Hughes, the director and scriptwriter of the Breakfast Club, fully utilizes Mise-en-scene to show how family affects the characters.The first session will be focusing on each of the main charters’ lunch box that is props in Mise-en-scene. The second session aims at understanding their personality through how they eat and react to their lunch box. The style of lunch represents their family condition and the way the families treat their children. The director does not put all the information of the families on the scene, using off-screen space, but audience can predict the 5 families by imagination. The scene starts with a three-shot emphasizing a synchronous sound of two lunch paper bags, which clearly indicates that the lunchtime begins. John Bender, the typical bad boy at high school, does not have anything for lunch. Although his lunch box is not mentioned in the scene, we can still assume he does not have a lunch box behind the camera. It indicates his family condition. Either he is poor or no one cares about his daily diet, which lets us know that his family is not taking good care of him and he is craving for attentions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Breakfast Club Film Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Breakfast Club Film Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Breakfast Club Film Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Claire Standlish, â€Å"the princess†, is having a fancy sushi lunch box for lunch. The camera shows that she pulls out a sushi board, a tissue, a pair of chopsticks, a tiny bottle of soy sauce, a soy sauce saucer and finally a traditional Japanese lunch box from a grey beautiful paper bag. The sushi box is on top of the sushi board, the soy sauce is poured into the dish and she eats the sushi with chopsticks and not her hands. Although we cannot tell by the dialogue that she comes from a wealthy family, it is obvious that her family is rich as sushi is an expensive cuisin

Good Record Keeping in protecting Welfare of Patients Essays

Good Record Keeping in protecting Welfare of Patients Essays Good Record Keeping in protecting Welfare of Patients Essay Good Record Keeping in protecting Welfare of Patients Essay The intent of this essay is traveling to look at four of the rules from the Nursing Midwifery Council ( NMC ) papers, rules of good record maintaining. The NMC is the United Kingdom s regulator for the nursing and obstetrics professionals. It is a professional s duty to follow the NMC codification, rules of good record maintaining, to assist safeguard the wellness and well-being of the populace ( NMC, 2009 ) . These four rules chosen provinces, Persons should enter inside informations of any appraisals and reviews undertaken and supply clear grounds of the agreements that have been made for future and on-going attention, including any inside informations of information given about attention or intervention ( NMC, 2009 ) . Ensure records should be accurate and recorded in such a manner that the significance is clear and to boot ( NMC, 2009 ) . Where allow the individual in your attention or their carer should be involved in the record maintaining procedure ( NMC, 2009 ) and even tually Persons have a responsibility to pass on to the full and efficaciously with co-workers, guaranting that they have all information they need about the people in their attention ( NMC, 2009 ) . In add-on to these four rules this essay is traveling to discourse each rule and the impact they have on a patient s attention program and how they are maintained in a patient s attention program. Record maintaining is a cardinal portion of nursing and obstetrics pattern ( Giffiths et al, 2007:1324-1327 ) . The function of good record maintaining is to guarantee that all healthcare professionals know what attention and intervention the patient is having. The first rule of good record maintaining being discussed provinces persons should enter inside informations of any appraisals and reviews undertaken and supply clear grounds of agreements that have been made for the hereafter of ongoing attention. This should besides include inside informations of information given about attention and intervention ( NMC, 2009 ) . One of the chief evidenced based records in a attention scene is a attention program. A attention program is a written record that informs persons about the attention and intervention of the patient ( Barrett et al, 2009:5-6 ) . Care plans can be developed by utilizing, the nursing procedure. This involves a measure by measure attack affecting appraisal, planning, implementing and measuring. This method provides a frame work for professionals, enabling a attention program papers to be produced to run into the demands of the patient and protect their public assistance ( Wright, 2005:71-73 ) . : When a patient is admitted into a attention environment undergoing an appraisal is indispensable. This should cover all basic demands such as hygiene, societal, physical and safety demands of the patient, which besides includes internal homeostasis demands like temperature, pulsation, respiration and blood force per unit area ( Geyer, 2007:29-30 ) . While patients attention is ongoing, a papers that is widely used within an acute side of the wellness attention scene is EWS ; this early warning mark papers is a tool that protects the public assistance of patients while having attention from professionals. This tool can enable early sensing of the impairment of a patient, based on mensurating critical marks. This tool can foreground hazard when monitoring patients and observe when the demand for farther intercession is required off skilled practicians ( Mohammed et al, 2009:18-24 ) . Appraisals can affect a assortment of tools the intent of these tools is to assist professionals make t heir occupation decently and assist toward measuring precedence of attention ( Barrett et al, 2009:87-94 ) . Measuring and be aftering are ongoing while the patient is having intervention. Documenting in a patients record while attention is ongoing shows clear grounds of what as to be established, showing the interaction that multi disciplinary squads provides, from the clip a patient is admitted in to a attention puting to when they are discharged ( Barrett et al, 2009:20-23 ) . Within a attention program relevant information is stored about the patient, this should enable all professionals to develop a cognition of the patient and enable them to hold an empathic apprehension of the societal, psychological and physical well-being of that person ( Barrett et al, 2009:47-56 ) . A patients single file will besides incorporate inside informations about the history of the patient, this can foreground any hazard apparent, guaranting all professionals presenting attention to persons are cognizant of the patient s status, any known allergic reactions, attention required to be delivered and any intervention the patient is having. The appraisal and planning phase of the nursing procedure provides an accurate method of which the attention program papers can steer professionals. The implementing phase enables professionals to present the attention agreed and planned throughout written communicating. The evaluating phase enables professionals to see if attention has been planned efficaciously. These four methods of the nursing procedure is a demand when developing a attention program this so enables multi-disciplinary squads to be able to supply effectual attention when protecting the public assistance of patients ( Wright, 2005:71-73 ) . It is of import that the whole attention be aftering procedure is documented from appraisal to rating every bit shortly as it has happened, uncomplete paperss can do the patients to endure through no mistake of their ain, professionals have a legal duty to record paperss and the NMC insists that is has to be done good. There are a assortment of ways paperss can be recorded. Howe ver, written and electronic methods are the chief 1s widely used within a attention environment. With whatever method used records should stay accurate and easy understood. The rule of good record maintaining from the NMC, 2009 besides suggests that records should be accurate and recorded in such a manner that the significance is clear ( NMC, 2009 ) . Implementing good record maintaining in a attention program is relevant for the importance of advancing the public assistance of patients. All wellness records should be legible, as clinical records are shared the whole clip a patient is having attention or intervention. Health professionals read through records on a day-to-day footing and it is of import that the information in paperss can be understood ( Powell, 2009:300-301 ) . Records can incorporate hapless script and can be really hard to read, this can hold an consequence on how attention is delivered to the patient. If persons do non understand the authorship within a patient s records, errors can happen and set patients at greater hazard. Health attention records provide a batch of information about patients and it is critical it remains right. The type of mistakes made when entering information can include, indecipherable manus authorship, slang, spelling mistakes, typing mistakes and non entering indispensable information. Missing out information while documenting in records can set a patient at hazard and this highlights a cause for concern. For illustration a patient who has been given their medicine ; so the nurse who gave the medicine forgot to document it. If professionals do non have information of when and what clip and day of the month medical specialties where given to a patient, it may misdirect other nurses taking over from another displacement doing professional mistakes and hazard of an overdose may happen to the patient ( Dimond, 2005:568-570 ) . When entering in medical paperss utilizing medical abbreviations can be confusing, particularly if the nurse is non familiar with the medical nomenclature. Medical nomenclature can be shortened down into a assortment of abbreviations. The nursing and obstetrics council make it clear that abbreviations should non be used as there are dangers in utilizing them. Professionals may misidentify abbreviations in paperss and do injury to the patient if the misinterpretation is implemented to the patient. For case NFR ; non for resuscitation or either manner this could intend neurophysiological facilitation of respiration, which is a physical therapy. This abbreviation could do fatal effect if it suggests in a patient papers that the patient is non required to hold NFR and it is non made clear that within records. This is why abbreviations should non be used when entering information as all records should show a clear elaborate response ( Dimond, 2008:196-198 ) . Information in records should stay clear and accurate as they are a legal papers, non merely for the safety of the patient but it protects persons from charges of carelessness and other signifiers of malpractice. If a patient comes into any legal differences, paperss should stay professional as it is an single duty as a professional to be lawfully responsible for what they write and all records should be legible to stand up in tribunal if necessary ( Powell, 2009:300-301 ) , this shows how important record maintaining is. Brooker A ; Waugh 2007 provinces If nursing attention is non written down so it did non go on . When paperss are being produced, where allow the individual in your attention, or their carer, should be involved in the record maintaining procedure ( NMC, 2009 ) . This rule is an on-going development throughout nursing pattern, every bit good as affecting patients in any determinations about attention and intervention. Communication between nurse and patient as to be developed to consider on the agreement of attention. Information within this treatment may come from close household members or carers, if the patient is non able to talk for themselves. Professionals require Information from relations and other persons near to the household it is critical in the within the procedure of record maintaining, interchanging information is indispensable to supply safe attention to continue towards the patient. When information has been has been obtained from the individuals involved, consent does hold to be given by the patient/carer. Throughout the development of record maintaining it i s of import to affect the patient or carers to clear up what attention has been discussed, this is of import because the client s demands have to be agreed with the overall construct of the attention program and the procedure of its bringing. This enables information to be shared throughout multi-disciplinary squads and leting professionals throughout a assortment of services to hold entree to their medical records whenever they may necessitate it ( NMC, 2008 ) . Patient s records can be critical to staff members who do non cognize the patient to good, persons giving consent for their file to be shared helps professionals to make their occupation for the best involvement of the patient. This so allows the persons to supply a responsibility of attention and enables professionals to protect the public assistance of their patients. The last rule to be discussed to boot advises that Persons have a responsibility to pass on to the full and efficaciously with co-workers, guaranting that they have all information they need about the people in their attention ( NMC, 2009 ) . Nursing records are a important communicating tool ; health care records are mostly important in pass oning elaborate information from one service to another. Clinical records are a beginning of communicating throughout the health care sector, supplying information to protect the well-being of persons. It is indispensable that communicating is developed throughout multi-disciplinary squads to guarantee all information is passed on sing patients for which they have to present attention. When professionals are interchanging information it provides a foundation for which the continuity of attention to patients can go on. Information should be clearly reported to professionals so they are good informed of the client s status, non merely verbally b ut manually. ( McGeehan, 2007:51-54 ) . It is non merely about verbal communicating throughout handovers, passing over information at the terminal of a displacement can be rather brief, written certification gives professionals the chance to look up on patient s information which holds of import inside informations sing the patient. This is most valuable particularly for staff covering displacements, on some juncture s alleviation staff have to be called in to cover staff deficit, they would non cognize the patient and it enables them to read up and derive an penetration of the patient, including medical history, current intervention and what attention to be delivered, hence enabling them to present attention confidently ( Featherstone, 2008:860-864 ) . However, discoursing these four rules sing the procedure of record maintaining high spots the huge sum of impact these rules can hold throughout a attention program papers. This involves pass oning throughout recorded certification alarming multi-disciplinary squads of patient s inside informations based on facts. This allows professionals to cognize what the patient requires and go on the attention agreed to protect the patient from any injury. Communication as an impact throughout a attention program, all recorded information helps towards the patterned advance of continuity of attention that gets delivered throughout the whole health care sector enabling successful attention bringing. Care programs are a papers of grounds of agreements made of which has to be delivered and the attention that has been agreed. It provides stableness to patients and professionals in connexion to medical intercession between those involved guaranting a secure environment for which attention can be del ivered ( Barrett et al, 2009:13-14 ) . The impact these rules have on a attention program can be recognised but the recognition of the impact is highlighted when a attention program is being maintained. Keeping a attention program is a cardinal procedure which is established by reexamining and audits. Using these methods to keep a attention program is indispensable as it is an on-going procedure to protect the public assistance of patients, reexamining and scrutinizing can incite the cause for professionals to look into a attention program farther. Audited accounts of records allows professionals to find how well policies are implemented within a attention environment and how criterions of attention bringing are set. This helps set up best pattern in nursing records and helps to cut down any hazard towards the patient safety, which can originate from hapless record maintaining ( Griffiths et al, 2007:1324-1327 ) . Information that has been recorded draws attending upon the demands of the patient. If a patient was kicking of chest hurting over a period of clip this would alarm nurses and physicians to look into the job further and further medical intercession possibly required ( Geyer, 2007:23-24 ) . Simply making an audit raises consciousness of the demand to better pattern. Regular audits on certification have to take topographic point to place any necessary mistakes and guarantee criterions are maintained within health care installations. Reviewing is indispensable as ongoing factual records of a patient s wellness position can foreground alterations in a patient s status enabling professional s records to amend alterations for the best involvement of the patient when reexamining certification ( Brooker A ; Waugh, 2007:368-369 ) . Reappraisals are put in topographic point to assist measure a patient s program of attention, doing certain that the attention they receive is relevant to their demands at the clip. The purpose of reexamining paperss and how they are maintained in a attention program is intentionally to guarantee that the public assistance of the patient is being protected. Reviewing paperss in a attention program focuses really much on the person receiving attention. However, the individuals involved in supplying attention to the patient drama a large portion in the reviewing procedure to guarantee all attention is specific to the demands of the patient ( Miller A ; Gibb, 2007:271-271 ) . Reviews and audi ts play a large portion in how records are maintained maintaining paperss and pattern current and up to day of the month guaranting the best involvement of the patient. Decision The chief intent of record maintaining is the attention of the patient and it is considered as a cardinal portion of nursing pattern. It is important to the wellbeing of the patient and the bringing of attention ; it besides ensures that professional criterions are being upheld within a health care environment. Documents have an impact on everybody involved and the importance that records are written good and follow within the record maintaining rules, sets criterions to professional s in bend aid lend to the quality of attention being given. The effects of hapless record maintaining are rather clear hence the demand for medical staff to guarantee that the proper processs are undertaken. Professionals need to maintain records to safe guard their patients while protecting their public assistance, this highlights the demand for this to stay every bit precise as possible throughout keeping records while attention is ongoing. Recording in paperss can help towards the continuity of attent ion which provides a safe stable environment for the patient. Professional who work in an wellness attention environment are cognizant that there work burden can go be really busy, it is of import that they do non allow this consequence their demand to maintain records. Time should be set aside for record maintaining, if records are rushed mistakes can develop and hapless quality of records can neer be contributed to the quality of attention. Good record maintaining is a feature of a skilled practician and it is mostly about the assorted signifiers of communicating from one service to another. Communicating throughout bringing of attention high spots why records should be recorded suitably to the NMC 2009 rule of good record maintaining guidelines. Following these rules enhances the fact of how critical record maintaining is used to protect the public assistance of the patient.

Concepts of Organizational Change Research Paper - 1

Concepts of Organizational Change - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that organizational change formulated can bring optimum results in the field of enhanced outcomes of information processing with the achievement of expectations set for organizational communication orienting consistency of the stakeholders. According to McNamara, organizational change management is essential for almost every business organization and it is important to see that the development of a new idea to be implemented is approved by every department concerned within. This is a specialized work stream and hence requires the implementation of technological changes as part of the project management. The success of the new change is always parallel to the effectiveness of the lead in the process. The basic challenge met by all the management on implementation of a change is the resistance of the stakeholders of it. The process of change, however, has to cross the areas of risk such as the period during the cutover to the placement of new solutions; and the m ost critical of challenges is the lack of cooperation from the stakeholders – largely because of lack of effective communication. Since the stakeholders hail mostly from the target group of workers at a low profile in the organization, managers at the top level have to strategies to effectively handle the situation. Organizational change is a vast process which covers the entire area of the enterprise. It requires a comprehensive analysis of the management functions and the culture pertaining to the organizational pattern employed in the enterprise. An effective organizational change management is possible only if the major decisions are taken while considering the prominence of quality input of strategies and the sequence of steps for the surveillance of a measurement system for the implementation of the change.

The Equitable Division of Labor Within the Home Essay

The Equitable Division of Labor Within the Home - Essay Example While one was a full-time job in the sense of being never-ending and the other was only full-time as defined by law and when in public, this was deemed a reasonable exchange. What was truly unfair about this arrangement was that neither party had a choice in the matter. If the woman wanted to work or the man wanted to stay at home with the children, neither one could do so and still retain the respect of the community. As times have changed and it is now necessary for families to have two incomes in order to survive, it is becoming increasingly more acceptable for men to take part in traditional ‘woman’ duties. As it becomes more acceptable for men to take part in these duties and more recognized that one person cannot do all things, more men are doing things that have been associated with women’s work. For example, there are many men today who will go to work in order to allow the wife to go to school and get an education. Although this is still usually after the man has managed to get an education and a good job, the idea of one half of the couple working while the other goes to school seems to be, today, more evenly split regarding which half is pursuing education. This can be proven by looking inside any college classroom where there are just as many young wives as there are young husbands. There are also many couples today where both halves are working and going to school at the same time so that both can get ahead in their careers without losing time. The sacrifice they make is not whether one will get an education and the other will not, but the lifestyle that they live while they’re getting their education, opting for smaller apartments in less expensive parts of town. There are also many of these equalizing activities taking part inside the home. Many men today are in charge of making sure the children have eaten a healthy meal, and sometimes the wife, too. You see just as many men in the grocery store as women and some of them  even have the children with them.

Anthropology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anthropology - Assignment Example Various regions have their own endangered species for which the crisis mainly applies, but in most general definitions, it is used to refer to the killing of the great apes and other primates (Jurmain 129). Possible solutions to this problem include increased conservation measures in the parks and wildlife reservations. Additionally, swoops could be made in hotspots and those arrested be given hefty fines and long sentences to deter the practice. Both humans and primates are social beings, and this means that they exist in social settings and not in solitary existence. This trait exists between the two groups, and though it’s for defense, it also aids in realizing a form of hierarchical structure. Additionally, both primates and humans consistently groom each other, as a form of social behavior that bonds them together (Jurmain 160). This is especially due to the similarity in forelimbs, which enable both humans and primates use their fingers for grooming purposes. Moreover, both primates and humans appreciate territoriality and any two given factions have to respect the territoriality of each other. What is more, both humans and primates have a sense of communication, which is a behavioral trait that assists in maintaining the social structure of the groups. Primates have culture, and this is as defined by their behavior that is noticeable from various ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Shreeve (1991) depicts the various similarities that can be drawn from the behavior of primates and humans, and in most cases, the evidence of a culture is easily noticeable since both have one evolutionary background. One stark representation of culture is the relatively advanced aspect of deception, which is a major survival tactic for primates. It is so well advanced that it is one of the most widely used mechanisms in the wild. The social nature of primates calls for the need for some culture, since there is bound to increased levels of

Customer Segmentation In The Full Service Restaurant Business Marketing Essay

Customer Segmentation In The Full Service Restaurant Business Marketing Essay ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study was to find factors that affect customers intention to revisit restaurants using data mining. A total of 390 usable questionnaires were used in the data analysis. AnswerTree, a data mining software, was used as a major analytical method. AnswerTree enables a researcher to identify and target desirable customer groups and thus is suitable to use in identifying differences between one group with a revisit intention and one group with no revisit intention. Study results indicated that different component factors affected customers revisit intention between the two groups. Three factors (recommendation, living area, and number of dining occasions per week) most affected a groups revisit intention. On the other hand, three factors (recommendation, occupation, and most frequent dining destination) most affected the group with no revisit intention. Study results provide meaningful information for marketing strategies that can be successfully used by full- service restaurant operators. KEYWORDS. Customer segmentation, full-service restaurant, data mining, AnswerTree INTRODUCTION With increasing competition in the restaurant business, marketing strategies need to be more significant to ensure customer satisfaction (Kara et al., 1997; Kivela, 1997; Murphy et al., 1996). Since customer satisfaction affects businesses ability to sustain their status in a competitive restaurant market, many researchers have studied customer satisfaction (Almanza et al., 1994; Andaleeb Conway, 2006; Barsky Labagh, 1992; Domingo, 2002; James, 1995; Johns Tyas, 1996; Oh, 1999, 2000; Oliver, 1980, 1981). Previous researchers have queried restaurant customers to identify the reasons for their decisions to revisit and recommend restaurants to other potential visitors, thereby suggesting effective marketing strategies. Although there is no assurance that customers will make a return visit (Dube et al., 1994), restaurateurs assume that satisfied customers will return while customers who had a poor experience will not come again. Thus, understanding both satisfied and unsatisfied custo mers is an important process in making appropriate marketing strategies. In order to segment customers according to their attributes, knowledge of those attributes is an effective tool in developing appropriate marketing strategies (Bowen, 1998; Gregoire et al., 1995; Klosgen Zytkow, 2002; Reid, 1983; Richard Sundaram, 1994; Swinyard Struman, 1986; Woo, 1998; Yà ¼ksel Yà ¼ksel, 2002). Customer segmentation can be determined by customer attributes such as demographic and behavioral characteristics: buying patterns, attitude and use or response to a product (Kotler et al., 2005). In this study, the term customer attributes was defined as customers demographic and behavior patterns, attitude and use or response to a product via recommendation intention. To identify customer segmentation, data mining was applied in this study. Data mining is the process of finding or classifying trends and patterns in data to analyze customers past behaviors (Adriaans Zantinge, 1997; Chatfield, 1995; Fadairo Onyekelu-Eze, 2008; Kudyba Hoptroff, 2001; Lovell, 1983; Pyle, 1999; Thuraisingham, 1999). If restaurant managers clearly know their target customer attributes, they can develop a better service strategy or make up for their weak points. The aim of this research was to identify factors affecting customers intention to revisit a restaurant. Study results provide meaningful information to the process of developing marketing strategies that can be successfully used by full-service restaurant operators. Further, study results will inform restaurateurs about important and non-important factors in return intention and enable them to select those factors on which to focus on and improve. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Customer Segmentation Customer segmentation is a crucial part of todays overly competitive restaurant business. In the mid-1950s, Wendell R. Smith, an American marketer, first introduced the concept of customer segmentation (Nairn Berthon, 2003). Russell Haley then developed segmentation theory in 1968. Customer segmentation can be defined as a way to separate customers into groups for decision making purposes or to support effective management in acquiring or keeping customers (Bowen, 1998; Bahn Granzin, 1985; Chen et al., 2007; Yà ¼ksel Yà ¼ksel, 2002). Since customer segmentation can help restaurants increase revenue, a marketing strategy based on customer segmentation can be more powerful and effective (Auty, 1992; Bojanic Shea, 1997; Chen et al., 2006). Customer segmentation has encouraged researchers to take a closer look at customer segmentation as part of an effective marketing strategy. Lewis (1981) used discriminant analysis to identify the differences between goers and non-goers with food quality, menu variety, price, atmosphere, and convenience. Bahan and Granzin (1985) investigated four customer segments: health, gourmet, value, and unconcerned. They reported that each group had different preferences for service quality. Auty (1992) divided respondents into three customer groups (student, well-to-do middle-aged people, and older people) and examined restaurant image and atmosphere. Oh and Jeong (1996) revealed the characteristics of four customer segments: neat service seeker, convenience seeker, classic dinner seeker, and indifferent dinner seeker. Bojanic and Shea (1997) sought differences between downtown diners and suburban diners. Yà ¼ksel and Yà ¼ksel (2002) identified the attributes of five customer segments (value seekers, service seekers, adventurous food seekers, atmosphere seekers, and healthy food seekers) based on nine factors (service quality, product quality and hygiene, adventurous menu, price and value, atmosphere, healthy food, location and appearance, availability of nonsmoking area, and visibility of food preparation area). In this study, the researcher divided customers into two groups based on revisit intention in order to identify which factors most affect these two groups. The summary of the literature review is presented in Table 1. Table 1 about here Data Mining To divide respondents into two groups based on revisit intention, unlike previous studies, data mining was used to identify revisit intention in the restaurant business. Data mining was introduced in the late 1980s and developed in the 1990s. Its origin is in the fields of statistics and a specialized area within artificial intelligence (AI) that is part of computer science (Ogut et al., 2008; Roiger Geatz, 2003). According to Fadairo and Onyekelu-Eze (2008), data mining is a way to find information in a huge database. Such information can be used to identify relationships between variables. That is, data mining may be utilized in analyzing a specific data set with the intention of identifying patterns and establishing relationships; using data mining, it is possible to sort through massive volumes of data and discover new information or an analytic method for reasoning useful knowledge and predicting future trends (Bolshakova et al., 2005; Chatfield, 1995; Chen et al., 1998; Groth, 2000; Hand et al., 2001; Koyuncugil, 2004; Lovell, 1983; Westphal Blaxton, 1998). Data mining can perform two basic operations: predicting customer behaviors and identifying segmentation (Lampe Garcia, 2004; Wang et al., 2008). For that reason, many researchers have attempted to apply data mining in the business industry (Keating, 2008; Liu et al., 2008; Rygielski et al., 2002; Zambochovà ¡, 2008). Previous studies have stressed that companies could use data mining to identify customer dispositions or trends regarding the patronizing of certain companies. With this information, companies can focus their efforts on good customers from whom they would make the most profit. Further, all industries can take advantage of data mining in seeking to understand inconsistent segmentation of their target customers. In summary, data mining is a powerful technology that may be used in support of companies engaging in decision-making on issues such as customer attrition, customer retention, c ustomer segmentation and sales forecast (Ogut et al., 2008). CHAID in AnswerTree To apply data mining, the AnswerTree program was used in this study. AnswerTree, a data mining software, is a foreseeable model that shows results in a tree model (SPSS, 2009). Variables may be analyzed in the AnswerTree program in three ways: CHAID (chi-squared automatic interaction detector), CART (classification and regression trees), and QUEST (quick, unbiased, efficient, statistical tree). Basically, the CHAID method is a more comprehensive method and generates more accurate results when using categorical variables, while CART and QUEST are suitable when using continuous variables. Since categorical variables were used in this study, the CHAID method was applied here. The original CHAID method grew from a 1975 doctoral dissertation by Kass, who published a more accessible article four years later (Kass, 1980). Since the CHAID method allows marketers to identify segments in relation to a dependent variable having two or more categories based on the combination of independent variables (Chen, 2003), the CHAID method has popularly been applied in the consumer research field (Haughton Oulabi, 1997; Levin Zahavi, 2001). In the CHAID procedure, a dependent variable and key independent variables are initially chosen. According to chi-squared, the dependent variable can be divided by the levels of a certain independent variable that has the strongest association with the dependent variable. That is, the most important and related independent variable with a dependent variable becomes the first node. This analysis process occurs when one of three criteria are met, according to Berson et al. (2000): 1. The segment contains only one record. (There is no other question that you can ask to further refine a segment of just one.) 2. All the records in the segment have identical characteristics. (There is no reason to continue asking further questions because all the remaining records are the same.) 3. The improvement is not substantial enough to warrant asking the question (p. 162). All variables used in this study were categorical measurements with two or more categorical levels. The stopping rules for AnswerTree analyses were a maximum tree depth of 3, minimum number of cases of 25 for a given node, and significance level for splitting of 0.05. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Data Collection and Questionnaire The data used for this study were collected in Miami via face-to-face interviews. The response rate for the face-to-face interview has revealed it to be the best method among various survey methods (The Monkey Team, 2008). Surveys were administered from May 1 to May 31, 2007. To increase result reliability, we selected respondents who had visited a full-service restaurant within the last one month. The selected full-service restaurants offered full table service and the average guest expenditure was at least $25 per person. Of the 414 questionnaires collected, 24 were incomplete and were eliminated. As a result, a total of 390 questionnaires were used in the data analysis. Since AnswerTree enables a researcher to identify and target desirable customer groups (SPSS, 2009), it is a suitable analysis method for identifying differences between groups. Further, AnswerTree is a more robust method than existing statistical methods in identifying segment characteristics (Byrd Gustke, 2006). There were two groups in the dependent variable: one group with the intent to revisit and one group with no intent to revisit. Questionnaire items for revisit intention were rated on seven-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. To apply CHAID (Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection) analysis, researchers converted the seven-point scale into categorical variable (agree, so-so, disagree). Even though respondents answers were a five or six on the seven-point scale, the information sufficiently ensured positive responses. Finally, those with five, six and seven points were converted into a positive group (agree). On the other hand, those with one, two and three points were converted into a negative group (disagree). Finally, four on the seven-point scale was converted into a so-so group. Among respondents (n=390), 83.33% (n=325) indicated that they were willing to revisit the restaurant; on the other hand, 11.54% (n=45) thought that they would not revisit the restaurant; and 5.13% (n=20) replied so-so, which means I dont know. Customer segmentation can be sorted by demographic and behavioral characteristics such as buying patterns, attitude and use or response to a product (Johns Pine, 2002; Kotler et al., 2005). Independent variables were composed of demographic profiles (gender, age, marital status, occupation, income, living area) and customer attributes in relation to buying behavior, a pattern of full-service restaurant use (how many dining occasions per week, how much spent at a restaurant, frequency of restaurant visits, with whom did they dine there). Finally, to ascertain a response to a product, recommendation intention was used in this study as an independent variable. The summary of data description is presented in Table 2. Table 2 about here RESULTS Figure 1 shows the general model for revisit intention. The general model makes it easy for readers to figure out how many nodes are included in the results and shows the entire model design. In this study, 13 nodes were used to explain the factors affecting a group who intended to revisit and a group with no intention to revisit. For the dependent variable, originally there were three groups: yes, so-so, and no. However, because of small sample size, the so-so group was not divided by descriptor. The dependent variable was divided by five descriptors: recommend intention, living area, how many times to dine per week, occupation, and when often dine. Figure 1 about here In terms of yes segmentation on revisit intention, in Figure 2, the first split was recommend: yes (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2=376.4356, d.f.=4; p=.000). In Node 3, 98.10% (n=309) of respondents thought that they had a revisit intention. Node 3 was divided into two groups: Node 7 and Node 8. The second split was based on the variable of Living area: South Florida, other Florida, and other U.S states (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2=68.5075, d.f.=2; p=.000). Node 7 was divided into two groups: Node 11 and Node 12. 98.69% (n=302) of respondents (Node 7) who lived in South Florida, other Florida, and other U.S states showed that they were willing to return to the restaurant. The last split was how many times dine per week: over 3 times (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2=19.7972, d.f.=1; p=.000). In Node 12, 100.00% (n=254) of respondents who visited the restaurant over 3 times per week indicated that they had a revisit intention. In summary, there were three descriptors as follows: recommend: yes, living: South Florida, other Florida, and other U.S states, and how many times to dine per week: over 3 times. Figure 2 about here Considering no segmentation on revisit intention, in Figure 3, the first split was recommend (no) (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2=376.4356, d.f.=4; p=.000). In Node 1, 81.13% (n=43) of respondents indicated that they would not visit the restaurant again. Node 1 then was divided into three groups: Node 4, Node 5, and Node 6. The second pruning tree was based on the occupation variable: office worker (professional, salesman, and self-employed) (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2=20.1046, d.f.=4; p=.000). In Node 4, 94.87% agreed that they were not willing to return to a restaurant. Node 4 was divided into two groups: Node 9 and Node 10. The last split was when often dine: lunch (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2=25.2973, d.f.=1; p=.000). In Node 9, all office workers (100.00%, n=36) who often visited the restaurant at lunchtime did not have a recommendation as well as revisit intention. In brief, three descriptors split the node: recommend: no, occupation: office worker (professional, salesman, and self-employed), and when often dine: lunch. Figure 3 about here Figure 4 presents summary statistics. The bar graph makes it easy for readers to understand which node most represents the dependent variable and provides the variation for each dependent variable. In this study, the dependent variable, revisit intention, was classified by a maximum tree depth of 3, minimum number of cases of 25 for a given node, and significance level for splitting of 0.05. The bar graph for AnswerTree showed that the particular nodes most often represent groups intention or non-intention to revisit, respectively (Node 12: agree group, Node 9: disagree group). Figure 4 about here Table 3 presents a gain chart of yes segments. A gain chart is a table that summarizes the entire model descriptively. In the gain chart, we can see the percentage representation of each node for the dependent variable. In the case of the yes segment, the root node was 83.33% (n=325). Node 12 was computed by taking 100.00% (Gain: % computed from Node: N divided by Resp: N) and then dividing it by 83.33% (root node). The result was 120.00%, the index score for Node 12. That is, Node 12 (recommend: yes, living area: south Florida, other Florida, and other U.S states, how many times dine per week: over 3 times) represents a root node about 1.2 times. Thus, in the case of yes segmentation, three variables (recommend, living, and how many times to dine per week) are important factors in dividing respondents into groups that answered yes regarding revisit intention. Table 3 about here Table 4 presents a gain chart for no segment. The root node was 11.54% (n=45). Node 9 was computed by taking 100.00% (Gain: %) and then dividing it by 11.54% (root node). The result was 866.66%, the index score for Node 9. That is, Node 9 (recommend: no, occupation: professional, salesman, and self-employed, when often dine: lunch) represents a root node about 8.6 times. Thus, in the case of no segment, three variables (recommend, occupation, when often dine) are important factors in dividing a group that answered no with respect to revisit intention. Table 4 about here Table 5 offers a risk chart indicating the preciseness of the classification. It resembles the percentage of classified respondents in the discriminant analysis. The risk estimate predicted the risk incurred due to misclassification of the respondents in the AnswerTree analysis. A lower risk estimate indicates a more precisely classified model. According to the results of the assessment of revisit intention, the risk estimate was 0.0615385. This means that the precision of classifying respondents in the AnswerTree analysis was 99.9384615%. That is, about 99.93% of the respondents were classified accurately on split nodes. Table 5 about here DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATION In the restaurant business, customer segmentation enables restaurant managers or marketers to develop effective marketing strategies. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that affect intention to revisit a full-service restaurant. To ascertain differences between group intent to revisit and group non-intent to revisit, data mining was used. There has been little use of data mining in the hospitality field. Because data mining is one way to create decision-making models that predict future behavior based on analyses of past activity, using collected data from segment targeting is the best way to create suitable marketing strategies (Lampe Garcia, 2004; Wang et al., 2008). Among the respondents (n=390), 83.33% (n=325) indicated that they were willing to visit the restaurant again while 11.54% (n=45) thought that they would not visit the restaurant again and 5.13% (n=20) were so-so. As mentioned earlier, due to the small sample size, the so-so group was not divided. The AnswerTree results revealed different component factors between the two groups. In the case of the yes segment, there were three descriptors: recommend: yes (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2=376.4356, d.f.=4; p=.000), living area: south Florida, other Florida, and other U.S states (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2=68.5075, d.f.=2; p=.000), and how many times dine per week: over 3 times (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2=19.7972, d.f.=1; p=.000). Analysis results revealed that the more customers like to dine out, the more they intend to revisit a restaurant. In other words, people who have a great interest in dining are more likely to be loyal customers. Moreover, as they intend to recommend the restaurant to other people, keeping such a customer means other potential customers could be positively affected. According to Sà ¶derlund (1998), Word-of-mouth is defined here as the extent to which a customer informs friends, relatives and colleagues about an event that has created a certain level of satisfaction (p. 172). As word-of-mouth can be a significant determinant of behavioral intentions, recommendation intention greatly affects a restaurant businesss sales (Babin et al., 2005; Edwards Meisleman, 2005; Mangold et al., 1999; Mattila, 2001; Sà ¶derlund, 1998). This studys results supported the finding that loyal customers are more likely to encourage other people to also have their exceptional experience, which is consistent with previous studies (e.g., Bowen, 1998). It is less costly to keep an existing loyal customer than to attract a new customer. Also, loyal customers return to make more repeat purchases at the restaurant. Therefore, identifying loyal customers is an important part of the restaurant businesses (Bowen Shoemaker, 1998; Fierman, 1994; Jang Mattila 2005; OBrien Jones, 1995; Orr, 1995; Schneider et al., 1998). From a managerial standpoint, the results of this study based on data mining help restaurateurs in identifying the characteristics of a loyal customer segment. In the case of the no segment , three descriptors split the node: recommend: no (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ 2=376.4356, d.f.=4; p=.000), occupation: office worker (professional, salesman, and self-employed) (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2=20.1046, d.f.=4; p=.000), and when often dine: lunch (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2=25.2973, d.f.=1; p=.000). The results of this analysis revealed that office workers who often visited a restaurant at lunch did not intend to revisit. In other words, office workers, salesmen, and the self-employed were less satisfied with lunch at the full-service restaurant. In general, few full-service restaurants focus on lunch for office workers, who usually eat lunch away from the office. Even though some lunch menus do focus on the office worker, offering this meal is usually expensive and time-consuming. However, as office workers tend to eat lunch in a brief span of time, they prefer to eat lunch at fast food restaurants rather than at a full-service restaurant. From a managerial viewpoint, if full-service restaurateurs could provide a lunch menu with low prices as well as quick service, they could obtain part of the office worker market currently going to fast food restaurants. The summary of segments is presented in Table 6. Insert Table 6 The purpose of customer segmentation is to target a certain type of customer when developing a marketing strategy. If a restaurant cannot develop correct and appropriate marketing strategies, they may not sustain their existence in this highly competitive business. As attributes have changed and become more complicated, customer segmentation is becoming more important in providing basic source material for marketing strategies. In order to respond quickly to changing customer attributes, restaurant marketers require rapid access to information on various customer attributes. In this context, restaurant marketers need to be able to identify customers past behaviors in order to predict future tendencies. This ability can be provided and maintained in the restaurant business by using data mining technologies. Data mining enables restaurant marketers to draw information more effectively from databases (Bolshakova et al., 2005; Chatfield, 1995; Chen et al., 1998; Groth, 2000; Hand et al., 2001; Koyuncugil, 2004; Lovell, 1983; Westphal Blaxton, 1998). Through the effective use of data mining, managers can more quickly analyze customer attribute in the restaurant business. This study of customer revisit intention occurred in the Miami area only. Thus, findings might not be generalized to other areas. Another limitation is that study results cannot be applied to all restaurant services, because our focus was on full-service restaurants only. Therefore, findings must be applied to other restaurants with due caution. Lastly, this study did not use a large enough sample size for data mining. Although we used 390 samples to identify and target customer groups, data mining is typically used with a large database. Thus, future research may use data mining with a larger sample size. Data mining was a useful method in predicting restaurant customers intentions to revisit. Unfortunately, very few studies have used this method. Thus, further research in other hospitality fields would benefit from data mining.

Power in OConnors The Artificial Nigger and Masons Shiloh Essay

Power in O'Connor's The Artificial Nigger and Mason's Shiloh Flannery O'Connor's story The Artificial Nigger and Bobbie Ann Mason's story Shiloh both possess characters that excercise power . Mr. Head, the main character that exercises power in The Artificial Nigger, is an old racist man, who claims to know everything. In Mason's story, Norma Jean, a simple southern woman who wants change in her life, is the main character that exercises power. Both characters are similar in their successful exercise of power; however, the effects their power have are different. Mr. Head's exercise of power has a negative effect on his grandson, Nelson, while Norma Jean's exercise of power serves as a way to benefit herself. Mr. Head's main focus is to make Nelson see black people as "niggers" and for Nelson to fear the city. Mr. Head's controling nature effects Nelson in a negative manner. From the beginning of the story, Mr. Head's powerful and controling personality is evident when the narrator states, "...he saw half of the moon five feet away in his shaving mirror, paused as if it were waiting to enter" (249). Mr. Head's desire to control also extends to all aspects of life. His intentions for Nelson are clear when he says, "...but I mean for him to get his fill once and for all" (254). By making Nelson feel powerless, Mr. Head steals away his innocence. Before influencing his grandson, Nelson's description of a black man is "'A man,'" but later in the story Nelson begins to see black people as "niggers," just like his grandfather (255). Fearing the cit y, also has a negative effect on Nelson. He holds pride in being born in Atlanta, but his grandfather wants to teach Nelson that "he had no cause for pride merely because he had been... ...aking classes, she is able to slowly but surely find her independence again. Norma Jean finally tells her husband that she wants to leave him because she does not want to "...feel eighteen again" (500). By leaving Leroy and starting a new life, Norma Jean is able to forget the pain and embarassment she felt many years ago. The power she possesses enables her to succeed in her wish to move on. The characters in both stories have similarities and differences. Mr. Head and Norma Jean use their power to get what they want. Both are similar because they are successful in exercising their power and are different becausse their power has different effects. Mr. Head thrives on control and succeeds in his plan to control his grandson. Norma Jean works at self-improvemennt so that she can leave her husband and continue to live the life that she has longed for. Â   Â  

“Hope” Is the Thing with Feathers: Emily Dickinson

Hannah Hulvey English II Balint 22 April, 2013 â€Å"Hope† is the thing with feathers: Emily Dickinson In this poem, Emily is saying how nature is divided or basically, she employs images from nature for contrasting purposes. In this poem nature is both beneficent and destructive. The division is made between the image of the bird and the images of threatening storms and hostile environments. This split corresponds to a separation between inside and outside, between interior and exterior spaces.The major theme of this poem is that Dickinson is comparing the hope in the soul with a bird. The bird never stops singing. So should we keep singing our songs, our poems, our prose. Even the roughest storms can't keep the bird from its singing. Nor should we let our own storms, our personal disappointments like deaths of family and friends, stop us. The poem uses a bird as a symbol to define the feeling that hope can give an individual. In the first stanza, Dickinson tell the reader th at â€Å"Hope is the thing with feathers .That perches in the soul. and sings the tune-without the words. And never stops at all. † In other words, hope is part of a spirit that lives in all of us. The uplifting feel of hope comes naturally and stays with us. A series of words in the second and third stanzas â€Å"sore,† â€Å"storm,† â€Å"chillest,† â€Å"Extremity† combine to evince a different side of nature, as dangerous and threatening. Here the sense is of an exterior space, wild and unprotected.Dickinson tells us, the tune the bird sings is â€Å"sweetest,† suggesting both that it is the most comforting thing heard amid the noise of the storm, and that, while the tune is sweet when it is heard while one is safe, it is sweetest when one is in danger. If we look at â€Å"‘Hope’ Is the Thing with Feathers† in terms of Dickinson’s life, we can perhaps read a commentary on her withdrawal from the world. Dickinso n turned inward into herself and shut out the world, and she suggests that inside it is peaceful and secure, while outside it is hostile and dangerous. And how does this describe my life?

Pyramids - Enormous Ancient Symbols of Power

Pyramids - Enormous Ancient Symbols of Power A pyramid is a type of huge ancient building  that is a member of the class of structures known as public or monumental architecture. The archetypal pyramid like those at Giza in Egypt is a mass of stone or earth with a rectangular base and four steeply sloping sides that meet in a point at the top. But pyramids come in many different forms- some are round or oval or rectangular at the base, and they can be smooth-sided, or stepped, or truncated with a flat platform topped by a temple. Pyramids, more or less, are not buildings that people walk into, but rather huge monolithic structures meant to make people awestruck. Did You Know? The oldest pyramid is Djosers Step Pyramid in Egypt, built about 2600 BCEThe largest pyramid is Cholula in Puebla, Mexico, covering an area about four times as large as the Giza pyramids in Egypt Who Built the Pyramids? Pyramids are found in several cultures around the world. The most famous are those in Egypt, where the tradition of the construction of masonry pyramids as tombs began in the Old Kingdom (2686–2160 BCE). In the Americas, monumental earthen structures called pyramids by archaeologists were constructed as early as the Caral-Supe society (2600–2000 BCE) in Peru, similar in age to those of the ancient Egyptian, but, of course, totally separate cultural innovations. The Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site preserves the burial mounds of an Indian civilization which inhabited the area from 900 to 1500 AD. | Location: Collinsville, Illinois, USA. Michael S. Lewis / Getty Images Later American societies who built pointy- or platform-topped, slope-sided stone or earthen pyramids include the Olmec, Moche, and Maya; theres also an argument to be made that the earthen Mississippian mounds such as Cahokia of southeastern North America should be classed as pyramids. Etymology While scholars are not in total agreement, the word pyramid is apparently from the Latin pyramis, a word which refers specifically to the Egyptian pyramids. Pyramis (which is apparently unrelated to the old Mesopotamian tragic myth of Pyramus and Thisbe) in turn is derived from the original Greek word puramid. Interestingly, puramid means cake made out of roasted wheat. One theory for why the Greeks used the word puramid to refer to the Egyptian pyramids is that they were making a joke, that the cake had a pyramid shape and calling the Egyptian structures pyramids was slighting the Egyptian technological capabilities. Another possibility is that the shape of the cakes was (more or less) a marketing device, the cakes made to look like the pyramids. Another possibility is that pyramid is an alteration of the original Egyptian hieroglyph for pyramid- MR, sometimes written as mer, mir, or pimar. See the discussions in Swartzman, Romer, and Harper, among lots of others. In any case, the word pyramid was at some point also assigned to the pyramid geometric shape (or possibly vice versa), which is basically a polyhedron made up of connected polygons, such that the sloping sides of a pyramid are triangles. Why Build a Pyramid? Close Up View of Casing Stones of the Bent Pyramid. MedioImages / Photodisc / Getty Images While we dont have any way of knowing for sure why the pyramids were built, we have lots of educated guesses. The most basic is as a form of propaganda. Pyramids can be seen as a visual expression of the political power of a ruler, one who at a minimum had the ability to arrange to have an extremely skilled architect plan such a massive monument  and to have laborers mine the stone and construct it to specifications. Pyramids are often explicit references to mountains, the elite person reconstructing and reconfiguring the natural landscape in a way that no other monumental architecture really can. Pyramids may have been built to impress the citizenry  or the political enemies inside or outside the society. They may even have fulfilled a role empowering non-elites, who may have seen the structures as proof that their leaders were able to protect them. Pyramids as burial places- not all pyramids had burials- may also have been commemorative constructions that brought continuity to a society in the form of ancestor worship: the king is always with us. Pyramids may also have been the stage on which social drama could occur. As the visual focus of large numbers of people, pyramids may have been designed to define, separate, include, or exclude segments of the society. What are Pyramids? Like other forms of monumental architecture, pyramid construction holds clues to what the purpose might be. Pyramids are of a size and quality of construction that greatly exceeds what is required by practical needsafter all, who needs a pyramid? Societies which build pyramids invariably are those based on ranked classes, orders or estates; the pyramids are often not built just on a lavish scale, they are carefully planned to suit a particular astronomical orientation and geometrical perfection. They are symbols of permanence in a world where lives are short; they are a visual symbol of power in a world where power is transitory. Egyptian Pyramids Step Pyramid of Djoser and Associated Shrines. Print Collector / Hulton Archive / Getty Images The best-known pyramids in the world are those of the Old Kingdom in Egypt. The precursors of the pyramids were called mastaba, rectangular mudbrick burial structures built as tombs for the rulers of the predynastic period. Eventually, those rulers wanted larger and larger burial facilities, and the oldest pyramid in Egypt was the Step Pyramid of Djoser, built about 2700 BCE. Most of the Giza pyramids are pyramid-shaped, four flat smooth sides rising to a point.   The largest of the pyramids is the Great Pyramid of Giza, built for the 4th dynasty Old Kingdom Pharaoh Khufu (Greek Cheops), in the 26th century BCE. It is massive, covers an area of 13 acres, made from 2,300,000 limestone blocks each weighing an average of 2.5 tons, and rising to a height of 481 feet.   Great Pyramid at Giza (Old Kingdom Egypt)Step Pyramid of Djoser (Old Kingdom Egypt)Menkaures Pyramid (Old Kingdom Egypt)Khafres Pyramid (Old Kingdom Egypt)Bent Pyramid (Old Kingdom Egypt) Mesopotamia Elamite complex in the Khuzestan province of Iran, it is one of the few existing ziggurats outside Mesopotamia. Kaveh Kazemi / Getty Images The ancient Mesopotamians also built pyramids, known as ziggurats, stepped and built of sun-dried brick at its core, then veneered with a protective layer of fire-baked brick. Some of the brick was glazed in colors. The earliest known is located at Tepe Sialk in Iran, constructed in the early 3rd millennium BCE; not much is left but part of the foundations; precursor mastaba-like structures date to the Ubaid period. Each of the Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Elamite cities in Mesopotamia had a ziggurat, and each ziggurat had a flat top where the temple or house of the citys deity. The one in Babylon likely inspired the Tower of Babylon verses in the bible. The best preserved of the 20 or so known ziggurats is that at Chogha Zanbil in Khuzestan, Iran, built about 1250 BCE for the Elamite king Untash-Huban. Several levels are missing today, but it once stood about 175 feet tall, with a square base measuring about 346 feet on a side.   Central America Lava Field at Cuicuilco (Mexico). Flowers bloom on the 50 BC eruption at Cuicuilco, they pyramid in the background. vladimix Pyramids in Central America were made by several different cultural groups, the Olmec, Maya, Aztec, Toltec, and Zapotec societies. Almost all of the Central American pyramids have square or rectangular bases, stepped sides, and flat tops. They are made of stone or earth or a mixture of both.   The oldest pyramid in central America was built during the early 4th century BCE, the Great Pyramid of Complex C at the Olmec site of La Venta. It is massive, 110 feet high and was a rectangular pyramid with stepped sides, made from adobe brick. It has been severely eroded into its current conical shape.   The largest pyramid in Central America is at the Teotihuacano site of Cholula., known as the Great Pyramid, La Gran Pirmide, or Tlachihualtepetl. Construction began in the 3rd century BCE, and it eventually grew to have a square base of 1,500 x 1,500 feet, or about four times that of the Giza pyramid, rising to a height of 217 feet. It is the largest pyramid on earth (just not the tallest).  It features a core of adobe brick covered over by a veneer of mortared stone which in turn was covered by a plaster surface.   The pyramid at the site of Cuicuilco near Mexico City is in the form of a truncated cone.  Pyramid A at the site of Cuicuilco was built about 150–50 BCE, but buried by the eruption of Xitli volcano in 450 CE.   ï » ¿Teotihuacan, Mexico Monte Alban, MexicoChichà ©n Itz, Mexico (Maya)Copan, Honduras (Maya)Palenque, Mexico (Maya)Tenochtitlan, Mexico (Aztec)Tikal, Belize (Maya) South America Sipan Pyramid, Peru (Moche)Huaca del Sol, Peru (Moche) North America Cahokia, Illinois (Mississippian)Etowah, Alabama (Mississippian)Aztalan, Wisconsin (Mississippian) Sources Harper D. 2001-2016. Pyramid: Online Etymology Dictionary. Accessed 25 December 2016.Moore JD. 1996. Architecture and Power in the Ancient Andes: The Archaeology of Public Buildings. New York: Cambridge University Press.Osborne JF. 2014. Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology. Albany: SUNY Press.Pluckhahn TJ, Thompson VD, and Rink WJ. 2016. Evidence for Stepped Pyramids of Shell in the Woodland Period of Eastern North America. American Antiquity 81(2):345-363.Romer J. 2007. The Great Pyramid: Ancient Egypt Revisited. New York: Cambridge University Press.Swartzman S. 1994. The Words of Mathematics: An Etymological Dictionary of Mathematical Terms. Washington DC: Mathematical Association of America.Trigger BG. 1990. Monumental architecture: . World Archaeology 22(2):119-132.behavioursymbolicofexplanationthermodynamicA Uziel J. 2010. Middle Bronze Age Ramparts: Functional and Symbolic Structures. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 142(1):24-30.Wicke CR. 1965. Pyramids and Temple Mounds: Mesoamerican Ceremonial Architecture in Eastern North America. American Antiquity 30(4):409-420.

Human cloning ban essays

Human cloning ban essays Cloning is best defined as the making of genetically identical copies of a single cell or entire organism (Human Cloning 36). Until recently, scientists believed that animals could only be cloned by the process of combining a cell in the embryonic stage with an egg and fertilizing it to become an embryo, the earliest stage of a living organism. In 1997, scientists from the Roslin Institute in Scotland announced the first successful cloned animal from an adult cell. With recent advancements in technology and this new cloning procedure, the cloning of humans has become a realistic possibility. Human cloning encompasses more than just the creation of an entire human; the ban has halted important research at the cellular level on human embryonic cells and should be revised to allow research to continue in the treatment and possible cures of many illnesses and diseases. Cloning has a longer history than most people realize. The concept of cloning is over sixty years old. In 1932, Hans Spemann, a German scientist, was the first person to propose transferring the nucleus from a cell of an adult animal into an egg to replicate that animal. It was not until 1952 that the first attempt was made to clone a living organism. Robert Briggs and Thomas King attempted to clone frogs by transferring the nucleus of a frog embryo cell, a cell in the early stages of development, into an egg cell. This attempt failed, but the technique became known as nuclear transfer (Cloning 154). One year later, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structural model for Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA). DNA contains the genetic information of each cell and is the chemical basis for heredity. In 1962, an Oxford University zoologist, John Gurdon, was the first person to successfully clone an organism, a frog, using the nuclear transfer process. The first mammal, a sheep, was cloned in 1984 by a Danish embryologist, Steen Willadsen,...

Pornography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pornography - Essay Example On the other hand there are those liberal feminists who support the role of pornography in modern society. They believe that pornography is supposed to give rise to sexual liberation and allows women to openly show their sexual desires and wants in modern society by emphasizing the importance of sexually active women. These liberal feminists also affirm strongly that any type of censorship against the pornography would be prejudicial to the rights of women who have been traditionally discriminated against men. There are a wide range of definitions of pornography and many are disputed by these groups. However for the purpose of this essay the definition by Merriam Webster’s Online Dictionary is taken as, â€Å"the depiction of erotic behavior (as in pictures or writing) intended to cause sexual excitement† (Merriam-Webster, 2012). The above-mentioned definition is wider and encompasses various forms of erotic material, but it’s important to learn and discuss about the most prevalent and striking forms of pornography within the modern society, whether it be erotic literature, internet porn videos and pictures or any other media. While pornography offers both genders equal opportunities to express their sexual needs, the basic thinking about how men and women experience sex differently is totally brushed aside. Besides only a little or no attention is given to the influential and authoritative role played by men in large porn industries, which is against the equal rights for men and women rule. In the recent years there has been a great development in the size and scale of porn industry through internet websites, magazines, books, and newspapers. Pornographic material and erotic literature is gradually being accepted in various parts of the world and many cultures such as that of United Kingdom, European countries and that United States have accepted in as an integral part of

Arnold Schonberg, Adolf Loos and the Viennese Circle Essay

Arnold Schonberg, Adolf Loos and the Viennese Circle - Essay Example On the other hand, music tells a story through a carefully crafted set of audio. The best creations in architecture and music take painfully long to craft and they tell a compelling story that captivates its audience. It is evident that several analogies can be drawn between architecture and music in terms of their creation and impact to the society (Breivik, 2011). Inevitably, music and architecture tend to borrow from each other. Music can be considered as a metaphorical representation of a structure that can be transformed into visual terms and be an architectural piece. The relationship between architecture and music can be difficult to fathom for an ordinary person. Yet, a careful analysis of the underlying principles of any music piece shows a clear correlation with architecture. Music can be analyzed in three key parts that are rhythm, melody and harmony. These three features can be incorporated into architecture and help to create striking pieces. Breivik (2011) and Alexander (1999) pointed out that musical influence in architecture redefines a design and showcases the subtle artistic features that make an architectural piece to stand out. Therefore, it is important to appreciate the importance of the relationship between architecture and music. ... He was a member of the Viennese Circle. The architectural ideas of Loos were shaped greatly by the ideas that were brought forth by the Viennese circle (Schezel et al, 2009). Loos was greatly influenced by the musical ideas of his colleague Arnold Schonberg who was also part of the Viennese circle. Both Loos and Schonberg had great influence on each other. In fact, the intellectual relationship in terms of architecture and music that transpired between Loos and Schonberg has had a great impact on the society up to the present time. Loos and Schonberg were active in their professions during the era of serialism. Serialism was a revolution in composition as it was during those times. Traditional melodic, harmonic and tonal conventions were replaced entirely. Arnold Schonberg developed the twelve note system that was a new thinking in the line serial development. In the serial theory, it was the structural series of notes that made up the overall composition. The ilk of Schonberg revoke d standardized musical devices and instead opted to come with something that was unique. The main emphasis in serial development was order and clarity (John, pp. 87). Schonberg let go of the traditional aspects of music and endeavored to reinvent music in its entirety. Serialism in music was about composers coming up with their own musical language based on their ideas and intellectual inclination. Historical reiterations were not given any consideration. In essence, Serialism in music as embodied in Arnold Schonberg’s work was of disruptive nature in comparison with the conventional music at that time. During the time of Serialism, the cultural environment in Vienna allowed