Technology management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Technology management - Assignment Example (Use that answer to explain you decision as CEO) Spreading breweries all over China is a better than building one huge brewery because of a breakdown of one of the breweries others will serve the market with the product. Anheuser-Busch InBev has the largest brewery in the world and it has managed to get its products worldwide through establishment of several branches of breweries in many nations. Setting up several branches has enabled the company to cut down the cost of exporting the products from a single source (Esterl, 2013). Partnering of Anheuser-Busch InBev with already established brewers in China is a perfect idea as it assists the company to market its brands along with already products in the market. The idea also reduces competition that the rival companies may offer in the market as the completion may lower profits (Esterl, 2013). Off shoring is a way of outsourcing an enterprise in another nation to enhance the growth of the company. For instance, Anheuser-Busch InBev Company setting up its breweries in china is a form of off shoring in order to tap a market that other brewers have not fully satisfied with the product (Esterl, 2013). The top five beer consuming countries in terms of the total amounts of beer drink are, China, America, Brazil, Germany and Russia. The best strategy for the InBev company to market its products in one of these heavy beer consuming nations is by partnering with the local beer producing companies to ease competition of its products with the local rivals in that country (Esterl,

Beowulf the Archetypical Hero Essay Example for Free

Beowulf the Archetypical Hero Essay An archetype as defined by Carl Jung is a universal and innate pattern of behaviors that fit a person or character and define their characteristics and actions. The hero is a popular figure in many stories and is a well-defined archetype. For example the classic or mythical hero like King Arthur, is one who has a mysterious birth of royal lineage, is spirited away as a child, guided on a journey to discover his past, prove his courage, win the princess and become king. Later this archetype loses favor, kingdom and his life but his accomplishments form the foundations for the future. Another is the tragic hero who struggles against a fate predetermined by the gods and ultimately dies frustrated and unfulfilled. Beowulf represents yet another hero archetype, the Germanic hero. The Germanic hero archetype is defined by his great strength and intelligence and similar to the mythic hero, is a great warrior willing to face overwhelming odds and to fight to the death for the honor and safety of his people. Unlike the Mythic hero the struggles are less motivated by individualism and rather driven by a great sense of honor never to be destroyed by selfish activities. Finally the archetypical Germanic hero must also exercise humility and restraint. Like all other hero’s this archetype also dies and with death comes destruction. The story of Beowulf’s life demonstrates the building of his character into the archetypical Germanic hero. The story begins with Beowulf on an epic quest where he will define himself as a powerful and courageous warrior and also one of great honor. When Beowulf arrives at Heorot he meets Hrothgar the ruler of the kingdom and immediately states that he has come to defeat Grendel who has been terrorizing the land for twelve years. Consistent with the archetype of the Germanic hero we are introduced to the knowledge of Beowulf’s great strength. As Hrothgar proclaims Beowulfs merits, he states that he has heard of his awesome strength and declares â€Å"a thane with the strength of thirty in the grip of each hand. † (380-381) The reader is then given the knowledge that the quest is not simply designed to prove Beowulfs great strength and courage but rather to define him as an honorable man not motivated by the selfish desire, but rather a greater desire to act honorably. This is demonstrated by Hrothgar recounting his memory of him as a young boy with his father. The story then departs and tells of how Beowulfs father had killed Heatholaf a member of the Wulfing tribe. Hrothgar had ended what could have been a bloody feud by giving treasure to the Wulfings with the result that Beowulfs father swore allegiance to Hrothgar. Through this lens we understand the Beowulf is not simply here to slay a monster but that there is even deeper meaning to this quest, he his here for the honor of his family, to repay a debt and to honor the allegiance sworn to Hrothgar by his father. Beowulf’s arrival in Heorot also demonstrates Beowulf’s intelligence and self-confidence when his courage and honor are questioned by Unferth who accuses him of losing a swimming race with Breca. Beowulf defends himself by recanting his own side of the story boasting that he was drug down into the sea by a sea monster which he killed and then killed eight others. Even though this is a boast, Beowulf is able to convey the idea that the competition between he and Breca is not one based on personal vanity but rather a respectful match between friends. Beowulf ultimately puts Unferth in his place and defends his honor by telling him that he (Unferth) was a killer of his brothers, and could not have battled the sea monsters because he could not even defeat a single monster such as Grendel. â€Å"You killed your own kith and kin, so for all your cleverness and quick tongue, you will suffer damnation in the depths of hell. The fact is, Unferth, if you were truly as keen or courageous as you claim to be Grendel would never have got away with such unchecked atrocity, attacks on your king, havoc in Heorot and horrors everywhere. † (587-594) This shifting of the focus from being accused of defeat to the public reclaiming of his heroic status while stopping Unferth without further argument defines Beowulfs intelligence and secures his status and heroic reputation with the Danes. The ensuing battle between Beowulf and Grendel further defines this heroic archetype by defining Beowulfs prowess as a warrior and his immense strength. As the battle commences the reader is shown a mighty and powerful monster that not even Beowulfs men could defeat. Beowulf meets the enemy on equal terms, unclad with armor and with no weapon but brute force. Beowulf quickly dismembers Grendel and the monster runs from the Mead Hall to its death. This demonstration of Beowulfs super human strength, agility and warrior powers defines this hero as a godlike figure that is immensely powerful. In the morning when the Danes return and begin to celebrate, Beowulf shows the humility and restraint that is characteristic of this archetype by stating that â€Å"Nevertheless,/ if you could have seen the monster himself/ where he lay beaten, I would have been better pleased. He does not boast of his accomplishments nor does he exercise selfish desire for treasure or power. Even though this battle has defined Beowulf as a mighty and godlike warrior he never attempts to act in anyway to usurp the authority, leadership or power of Hrothgar even though he was not strong enough to defeat Grendel and could easily have tried to take the throne. Although Beowulf has defeated the adversary that he came to kill, Grendels mother is still terrorizing the kingdom, in seek of revenge for her sons death. After Grendels mother returns to the hall and retrieves his arm and claw, Beowulf is offered more treasure and fame to kill Grendels mother. Beowulf could leave and return to Getland having satisfied the debt owed to his father but instead demonstrates devotion to Hrothgar and agrees to battle Grendels mother. The unfaltering courage of the hero is demonstrated by his facing of evil in the â€Å"dismal wood† (1414) and ultimately his plunge into the bottomless lake to battle Grendels mother. After an epic battle Beowulf returns to Heorot with Grendels head. To complete the picture of the hero and end the story of the early life of Beowulf, Hrothgar praises Beowulf after his victory but cautions him on the evils of pride by using the example of a king named Heremod who was not generous and allowed arrogance to destroy him. Taking this to heart Beowulf symbolically casts off arrogance the following day by returning the hilt of a sword given him by Unferth who had initially challenged Beowulf upon his arrival to Heorot. The middle part of Beowulfs life deepens the sense of Beowulf as the Germanic hero. He remains loyal while keeping his ambition in check and continuing to be virtuous in all of his activities. Hygelac is shortly after killed in battle and Beowulf is given the opportunity to take the throne from Heardred as he was viewed as weak â€Å"Both owned land by birth in that country, ancestral grounds; but the greater right and sway were inherited by the higher born. †(2197-2199). But Beowulf declines opting instead to faithfully follow and support Heardred. At some point Heardred is killed and Beowulf assumes the throne legitimately and with honor. He then rules for fifty years during which Beowulf bore himself with valor; he was formidable in battle yet behaved with honour and took no advantage(2177-2179). â€Å"He ruled it well for fifty winters, grew old and wise as warden of the land† (2108-2110). Beowulf has taken to heart the earlier words of Hrothgar and not allowed pride to destroy him thus he has assumed nearly all living aspects of the Germanic hero archetype. The last phase of Beowulfs life completes the final aspects of the Germanic hero. Near the end of Beowulf’s life a dragon is awakened and is terrorizing his kingdom. After the deaths of many of his men he is confronted with a decision as to whether or not he should send a brigade of men to try to stop the dragon or face it himself. Although old and growing weak, in an act of selfless courage to save his kingdom and prove his honor once again, he decides to face the dragon. With the help of his loyal thane Wiglaf, the dragon is defeated but Beowulf is mortally wounded and approaching the end of his life. The final characteristic of the Germanic hero, death and destruction, is symbolized by the destruction to Beowulf’s land wrought by the dragon and the encroaching armies of surrounding nations. Without the hero all that has been gained is lost and destroyed by old enemies that will bring further destruction and loss to what the hero had created, â€Å"Now war is looming/ over our nation, soon it will be known/ to Franks and Frisians, far and wide, / that the king is gone. † (2911-2914). As Beowulf dies what he has created is destroyed and the picture of the Germanic hero is complete. According to Carl Jung the archetype resides in the unconscious mind as a pattern or image. The existence of such a form can only be made visible by finding the pattern in images, art religions or myths. The tale of Beowulf clearly illustrates the archetypal pattern of the Germanic hero. As the story develops the reader sees Beowulf fully develop the characteristics of the Germanic hero. Beowulf begins his life obscurely but matures to be the strongest and bravest of all great warriors, never willing to back down from a battle and always motivated by honor and the need to protect his people. He becomes a great and fair king who is respected by all and treats everyone fairly and with kindness. Ultimately Beowulf faces the final assault on his people and although he triumphs his life is forfeit. With his death comes the end of the hero’s journey and fulfills the Germanic hero archetype.

Why is this night different from all other nights? :: Personal Narrative Writing

Why is this night different from all other nights? My sister Sarah is lighting the candles, and her hands tremble when she turns to cover her face ina gesture of piety. I am thirteen years old, and we are gathered at my house for the Passover seder ("order" in Hebrew) and my whole family is here: mother, sister, grandmother, aunt, and two cousins. Did I say my whole family is here? That is not entirely correct: my father is absent. My parents split five years ago, and he doesn't celebrate holidays with us anymore. We don't really talk about this, though, and instead my mother's boyfriend, a Gentile from Colorado, takes my father's place at the head of the table, and leads the seder, reading the phonetic Hebrew I secretly scribbled in the margins of that Haggadah ("telling" in Hebrew) several years ago, when Sarah could read Hebrew and I couldn't yet. I can now. While Sarah's hands are trembling over her closed eyes, Nettie's hands tremble as well, as she carries out the heavy silver tray containing the seder plate, wine, matzot, and bowls of salt water. This tray belonged to my grandmother, and, as I'm told each time we use it, it's an antique, worth a lot of money. Earlier this afternoon, I saw Nettie polishing it in the kitchen, along with the matching silver serving pieces, silver salt and pepper shakers, silver pitchers, and of course, the ornate silver wineglass we put out for Elijah. This is an impressive collection of silver, all monogrammed with my grandmother's initials, and when Nettie was polishing the pieces this afternoon, she spread them out neatly on our kitchen counters.They took up the whole room. Nettie is our maid. She's been with us since I was three and Sarah seven. She comes to our house three days each week, all day, and sometimes she watches us when my mother goes out at night and on the weekends. She is a black woman, somewhere around sixty years old, and while she has been with us for years, I cannot seem to remember her aging visibly. Her skin isdark and smooth, and smells faintly of the rosewater and glycerin lotion she applies daily. Her hair, I'm told, is very long, although I've never seen it in any style other than wrapped in a tight bun on the top of her head.

Essay --

III. Long-term Prospects The boundaries that limit the world from becoming unified are cultural more than physical .With the growth of the economies in many emerging markets. Firms are heading to other countries to expand and exploit other markets and opportunities and that cannot be achieved without cross-cultural training and proper linguistic translation. IV. How the Industry Analysis Affects and Is Affected by Other Sections of the Plan The industry analysis is the base and first step we take into making the business plan. It is used as a reference to see where the industry stands, trends, and possible gaps where we can enter. It also gives a realistic view on the possibility of achievement in the industry chosen. Marketing plan: Market segmentation: Our Company is targeting the small to medium sizes businesses of 500000 Turkish Liras to 4million Turkish Liras, that are trying to move abroad and go global, or are dealing with businesses overseas and need translation services, interpreters, intercultural training, and localization services. We want to start by targeting Istanbul, before expending to other states or countries, where a lot of businesses are dealing with foreign markets in South America, Caribbean Islands, Asia (China) and sometimes Canada. It is the perfect state to start for us because of its geostrategic location. The firm should be located in Miami or Orlando first where many South American firms decide to start; both these cities will give us many businesses to start with. The population of Florida consists of a great amount of people that are Hispanic and speak other languages. As stated by â€Å"the United States Census Bureau†, Florida’s population as of 2011consisted of 22.9% of people of Hispa... ...of us using this method is reaching the customer and informing them about their need of our services we push them to think that our services will increase the quality of their business and interaction with foreign businesses therefore increasing their revenues. For example, I was informed by a Saudi Aramco engineer that their branch in Texas was obviously having to constantly contact the main Aramco branch in Saudi, but were always lacking the understanding of how Arabs business etiquette, language and culture work. He suggested contacting them to stress their need for our services, by calling them or emailing them we anticipate convincing them to look into the stated aspects of their business and seek our services. By researching and contacting similar businesses we look forward to raise the awareness of our services importance and expend our brand image awareness.

Altruism and Knowledge Sharing Essay

Our thoughts are that in a perfect business world prescribed altruism could possibly be promoted to individual team members to help them feel free to share knowledge without the stigma of losing the competitive edge, but rather, to selflessly help coworkers, a team, or the overall organization to be as successful as possible. With that, we will explain in more detail how we feel that altruism can help and may even be contagious in the modern day bureaucracy that is the work place. From burger joints to engineering firms, the selfless sharing of process information can better any group or business willing to coach altruism into their organization from the ground, up. Altruism is defined as an unselfish regard for or devotion to the welfare of others, as well as â€Å"benefiting another as an end in itself† (Batson, Lange, Ahmad, and Lishner, 2007,p. 241). Altruism results in an improved affect of the helper, higher levels of trust and moral awareness, increased collaboration, and a deeper sense of â€Å"we-ness† or collectivism (Batson, et al. 2007) – all outcomes that organizations are seeking today. Knowledge sharing is an activity through which knowledge (i. e. , information, skills, or expertise) is exchanged among people, friends, families, communities or organizations. (Wikipedia, 2013) In an office environment this could be considered cross-training or on a simpler level just assisting your coworkers and making your company more prod uctive and successful. So how can we successfully introduce altruism into the work environment? Here is what we propose; first organizations can orient employees to the positive effects of altruism by encouraging them to empathize with others and by providing individuals with developmental activities that help them understand the perspectives and needs of others. In other words, the organization needs to create and implement actives that involve team building exercises. We believe that creating positive relationships and trust amongst employees will help eliminate the need for knowledge hoarding. Individuals are more likely to share information with someone they can trust or feel close to. Second, is for leaders to work with employees to create a code of conduct and establish organizational norms of behavior. To reinforce desired conduct, team leaders should provide examples of caring exemplars from the organization’s history or from society. This step would leave individuals with a â€Å"warm and fuzzy† that they helped create rules for the organization giving them a sense of pride, therefore, making these rules and codes easier to understand and follow. This also, again creates a sense of unity causing the employees to bond, creating empathy towards one another. Lastly, organizations that encourage employee involvement in community organizations, and promote mutual understanding within the organization stand a much greater chance of creating a positive, empathetic environment. Creating activities, teaching empathy and encouraging involvement with community organizations are all ways that we can train our employees to assist our organizations to become more successful. But what does this entire concept have to do with knowledge sharing? The reason individuals choose not to share information could be because they are fearful of their completion. We all know that in order to reach the top we need to stand out from the rest. What better way than to know more than your competition? We feel that in order to eliminate this â€Å"fear† we need to establish relationships and trust amongst the organizations’ employees. Once these bonds and trusts have been establish it will decrease the need for so much competition. Allowing for the comport of sharing knowledge with other for the sake of the company’s success allowing all the individuals on the team to succeeded as well. If we introduce developmental activities, team building exercises, team created codes of conduct and try to create a stronger sense of unity in team environments, our working teams will have a better understanding of one another and genuinely care for each others success. If this behavior exists in an everyday work structure we strongly believe that knowledge hoarding could be a thing of the past. That the fear of competition will no longer be a threat but a reminder that all good leaders must have the confidence that they contributed to the entire success of the team and not just the individual. Introducing altruism (an unselfish regard for or devotion to the welfare of others) could be the new coaching technique or the new business class taught in colleges. If we want our corporations to run more successfully, then why not introduce a program that teaches leaders and employees these qualities? References Byfield, R. (2013, May 13). Altruism Boosts Well-being. Retrieved from http://www. theepochtimes. com/n3/53987-altruism-boosts-well-being/ merriam-webster. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/altruism Wikipedia. (2013, May 06). Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Knowledge_sharing

Quotes to Help Celebrate Teachers Day

Quotes to Help Celebrate Teachers' Day A good teacher plays the role of an educator, guide, inspirational guru, and a friend. They gently  nudge the slow learners to climb a steep learning curve, and they engage with the bright minds to delve deeper into concepts  and thereby meet their need to be ahead of others. Teachers tap the fertile mind of young children and plant the seed of curiosity in them. This inculcates the values of self-learning, exploration, and philosophical inquiry. Many young children take the spark of imagination to unimaginable heights. Little origami enthusiasts grow up to become  engineers of cutting-edge technology. Kids  suffering from dyslexia grow up and  became famous surgeons. What Is World Teachers Day? Also known as International Teachers Day, World Teachers Day is held officially each year on October 5 in Canada and more than 100 countries worldwide, but in the United States, it’s held on the first Tuesday of the first full week in May. According to UNESCO (The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), it’s a special day to remind the world that education is a fundamental right that requires qualified teachers - who by the way - are always in demand, especially in remote, rural areas of the world. The day marks the beginning of set standards for teachers and their commitment to the profession to help improve the lives of children. The following quotes are from some famous people in honor of teachers and the lofty profession of teaching: American historians (Henry Brooks Adams, Jacques Barzun); American author (Ken Blanchard); American operatic tenor (Robert Brault); Australian physician (Helen Caldicott); theoretical physicist (Albert Einstein); writers (Johann Wolfgang von Goeth, Nikos Kazantzakis, Dan Rather), Boy Scout administrator (Forest Witcraft); and Irish poet (William Butler Yeats). Henry Brooks Adams A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops. Jacques Barzun In teaching, you cannot see the fruit of a days work. It is invisible and remains so, maybe for twenty years. Ken Blanchard Your role as a leader is even more important than you might imagine. You have the power to help people become winners. Robert Brault The average teacher explains complexity; the gifted teacher reveals simplicity. Helen Caldicott Teachers, I believe, are the most responsible and important members of society because their professional efforts affect the fate of the earth. Albert Einstein It is the supreme art of the teacher to awaken joy in creative expression and knowledge. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe A teacher who can arouse a feeling for one single good action, for one single good poem, accomplishes more than he who fills our memory with rows and rows of natural objects, classified with name and form. Nikos Kazantzakis Ideal teachers are those who use themselves as bridges over which they invite their students to cross, then having facilitated their crossing, joyfully collapse, encouraging them to create bridges of their own. Dan Rather The dream begins with a teacher who believes in you, who tugs and pushes and leads you to the next plateau, sometimes poking you with a sharp stick called truth. Forest Witcraft A hundred years from now, it will not matter what kind of car I drove, what kind of house I lived in, how much money I had in the bank, but the world may be a better place because I made a difference in the life of a child. William Butler Yeats Education is not the filling of a pail but the lighting of a fire.

25 Love Sayings and Quotations

25 Love Sayings and Quotations Love makes us do things we never thought we were capable of. Some love sayings inspire us to believe in love. Others give us the courage to tide through the tough times. Here is a compilation of love sayings that encourage and instill the spirit of love in these cynical times. Are you in love? Do you pine for your sweetheart in private? You dont have to retract into a shell every time the love of your life talks to you. Love cannot endure indifference. It needs to be wanted. Like a lamp, it needs to be fed out of the oil of anothers heart, or its flame burns low. Henry Ward Beecher People think love is an emotion. Love is good sense. Ken Kesey If you cannot inspire a woman with love of you, fill her above the brim with love of herself; all that runs over will be yours. Charles Caleb Colton The whole world loves a lover is an interesting theory, but a very bad legal defense. Keith Sullivan Let those love now who never loved before; Let those who always loved, now love the more. Thomas Parnell One word frees us of all the weight and pain of life: that word is love. Sophocles Love is not something you feel. Its something you do. David Wilkerson She is the heart that strikes a whole octave. After her all songs are possible. Rainer Maria Rilke Love is always bestowed as a gift- freely, willingly, and without expectation...We dont love to be loved; we love to love. Leo Buscaglia The only love worthy of a name is unconditional. John Powell I believe that unarmed truth and unconditional love will have the final word in reality. Martin Luther King, Jr. Love is the only force capable of transforming an enemy into a friend. Martin Luther King, Jr. If you would be loved, love and be lovable. Benjamin Franklin Lord, grant that I might not so much seek to be loved as to love. St. Francis of Assisi We look forward to the time when the power to love of will replace the love of power. Then will our world know the blessings of peace. William Gladstone May no gift be too small to give,nor too simple to receive,which is wrapped in thoughtfulnessand tied with love. L.O. Baird There is no instinct like that of the heart. Lord Byron All you need is love. John Lennon Love conquers all. Virgil Amor vincit omnia. (Love conquers all) Geoffrey Chaucer There is only one happiness in this life, to love and be loved. George Sand True love stories never have endings. Richard Bach Love grows more tremendously full, swift, poignant, as the years multiply. Zane Grey Love recognizes no barriers. It jumps hurdles, leaps fences, penetrates walls to arrive at its destination full of hope. Maya Angelou There is always some madness in love. But there is also always some reason in madness. Friedrich Nietzsche

The Florentine Renaissance Essays

The Florentine Renaissance Essays The Florentine Renaissance Essay The Florentine Renaissance Essay In Florence, and also in the surrounding cities, the Renaissance was a time of awakening and rebirth. A time of examining the present and looking towards a future that would turn out to seem entirely different from the past, but at the same time hold striking similarities. How was this possible? The transformations in Florence began with new attitudes and new priorities in the minds of her citizens. At the beginning of the period that we call the Renaissance, many cities may have seemed very much alike. Most had similar economic structures, architecture, and trades. But some cities in Italy, especially Florence, were different: The towns often had Roman origins, and to a degree survived the social disorder of the barbarian invasions of the earlier middle ages. Not only was physical infrastructure often in place, but also the glue which gave order to civic arrangements, in form of the hardy survival of Roman law. Each town had its myth of origin, which not surprisingly usually fea tured a picture of a Roman, in the case of Florence usually Julius Caesar of the emperor Augustus. (12).Florence had a very strong history that had obvious influence on daily life. Therefore, even while Renaissance ideas and art began to take over, the foundations of the city were never lost or forgotten. Rather, the old was incorporated into the new.Florence was steeped in her Roman origins and her Christianity, both playing to full effect when dressed in the rhetoric of cultural supremacy. (20). Florentines were proud of their roots and their contemporary culture, and they demonstrated this in sometimes chaotic ways. We also know that religion was what made the city turn. Florentines lives were focused around Christianity. Religion saturated Florentine life to an extent that few questioned. (32). This attitude of revolutionizing their culture while at the same time maintaining long-he

The Creation of The Bill of Rights and United States Constitution Research Paper

The Creation of The Bill of Rights and United States Constitution - Research Paper Example The formulation of the United States Constitution was a unique at within the course of world history. Inevitably, in discussing the rationale and reasoning behind the Constitution coming to be and being written in the way that it was, the individual is forced to discuss the fact that the ultimate impetus behind this was with regards to addressing and redressing many of the flaws and frustrations that the colonial Americans felt towards the British. As such, seeking to craft and define the rights that mankind should inherently have and those which would determine a future existence for the nascent country was an issue of primary importance1. Oftentimes, in seeking to understand the formulation of the Constitution and the core components that it engendered, the individual is encouraged to engage in a level of historical mysticism. What is meant by this is the fact that the founding fathers are, rightfully so, so revered that individuals within the current era attribute almost superhuma n intelligence and respect; such that the process of the formulation of the Constitution and the underlying rationale behind it is oftentimes diminished in light of the fact that these great intellect were so far and above that which the current individual could grasp that understanding such impetus is effectually useless2. However, even though it is true that the individuals behind crafting and developing the thoughts and understanding that would eventually be incorporated within the Constitution were unbelievably intelligent, it should not be understood that the rationale and impetus behind such a document is somehow without possible comprehension. Ultimately, as a result of the frustration and inefficacy of the way in which the British Empire was administered, and by extension the way in which the colonials were treated, stakeholders within American society came to understand that a fundamentally different approach to governance and the rights of man must be delineated. According ly, this was the fundamental impetus that provided the rationale behind delineating these rights and promoting a new level of integration between society and government. Secondarily, the individuals who crafted the Constitution were aware of the fact that the relationship between the subject and the citizen, as defined by the British and by previous experience, was no longer workable and must have an alternative definition if the United States were to break free and pursue a degree of self determinism. By much the same token, even though the Constitution is able to provide a rubric for the way in which these rights of man should be defined, the actual metrics for how such a system would be engaged and a clear delineation of these rights were most effectively represented within the Bill of Rights; the first 10 amendments to the Constitution. As such, the following section will provide a brief discussion with regards to why these amendments came to be represented and how an underlying appreciation for these rights was incorporated into the United States society. The most cited of these ten amendments is naturally the first. As a

Global Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Law - Essay Example Her inner thighs, buttocks, perineum, genital areas and groin were severely burned that she had to be admitted for treatment to the hospital for 8 days. While in the hospital for treatment, Liebeck went through skin grafting and debridement treatments. Liebeck filled a claim with McDonalds for $20,000.00, but McDonald refused to pay the said amount so Liebeck brought the case to court. During the discovery proceedings, McDonalds produced documents showing more than 700 claims by people burned by its coffee between 1982 and 1992 and a number of these claims were similar to that of Liebeck. The documents presented by McDonalds proved that McDonalds knows about the hazards that its coffee products have on drive-thru costumers. McDonalds’ quality assurance manager also said that based on the advice of its consultants, the company made it a policy to keep its coffee between 180 and 190 degrees Fahrenheit to keep its taste. This policy stands even though other companies serve their coffee lower temperature and coffee is normally served at home around 135 to 140 degrees. McDonalds’ quality assurance manager admitted that the company did not evaluate the safety ramifications that this practice may have on the costumers. He also acknowledged the fact that any food items served as 140 degrees or more may cause burning. He also acknowledged the fact that since McDonalds’ coffee is between 180 and 190 degrees, the coffee is not fit for consumption as it would cause burning on the mount and throat. 2. Issues to be decided by the court a. Whether or not Liebeck is entitled to compensation for the pains and sufferings that she went through after she was burned by the coffee bought from McDonalds. b. Whether or not McDonalds observed proper safety measures to protect its clients from possible harm that its products may cause. 3. Facts Relied Upon by Stella In arguing her case in court, Liebeck relied on the testimonies of a scholar in thermodynamics applie d to human skin burns. According to the expert, 180 degrees, liquids can cause third degree burns in a matter of two to seven seconds. The degree of the damage on human skin reduces exponentially as the temperature of the liquid reduces to 155 degrees and below. If Liebeck’s coffee had been around 155 degrees when it spilled on her lap, she may not suffer serious burns. 4. McDonald’s Defense McDonald claimed that its costumers buy coffee on their way to work or home with the intention of drinking the coffee once they arrive at their destination. As it is, the coffee would have enough time to cool down along the way so it will not be scalding hot when the costumers get to drink them. Another defense posed by McDonalds is that its costumers know that the coffee they buy from the drive-thru is hot and the costumers want it that way. 5. Court Decision The jury awarded Liebeck $200,000 in compensatory damages and another $2.7 million in punitive damages. The compensatory da mages were later on reduced by the jury to $160,000 since Liebeck was also at fault. The trial court, on the other hand, reduced the punitive damages to $480,000.00. 6. Opinion on the case Awarding both compensatory and punitive damages to Liebeck is only fitting in this case because McDonalds committed gross negligence in doing its job to protect its costumers. However, I do not agree with the jury’

Specific Learning Difficulties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Specific Learning Difficulties - Essay Example Specific learning difficulty means that there are particular learning difficulties, which affect certain cognitive skills such as memory, sequencing or perception, rather than a general learning difficulty that affects most aspects of learning. Specific Learning Difficulties may include Dyslexia, Dyspraxia, and ADHD etc. Current perspectives are geared towards fostering primary school teachers' confidence. It is essential that all primary school teachers are effective in their ability to manage a diverse range of abilities and needs within the primary classroom. Success in this area is particularly prosperous in schools where staff works together in unison, adopting a team approach. It is vital to have a designated person within a school, which teachers are able to approach for support and advice when they encounter diversity in the classroom for which they feel they are not adequately prepared. Although there is a range of in-service training available, which fosters professional development, primary school teachers only usually receive training in the area they have curriculum responsibility for. Therefore the majority of teacher's may be inadequately prepared for the vast range of learning diversity encountered within the primary classroom. To assess the suitability of current perspective... Therefore the majority of teacher's may be inadequately prepared for the vast range of learning diversity encountered within the primary classroom. To assess the suitability of current perspectives, it is important to define the term 'Special Educational Needs'. This is a very difficult area to define. Warnock (1982) states that 'the concept of 'special need' carries a fake objectivity. For one of the main, indeed almost overwhelming, difficulties is to decide whose needs are special, and what 'special' means'. Firstly it is important to note that when Warnock introduced the term 'special educational needs', it was envisaged that this was something that the child may have at certain times, and in some areas more than others. It was never meant to be a way of attaching a label to a child, more a recognition that a child may need additional support in some areas. Nerveless, although it was introduced with good intentions, the tendency can often be to label children rather than needs. Special needs terminology is in debate because of reasons such as this. Solity (1991) has argued that the term 'special educational needs', 'actively encourages discriminatory practices', of which separate seating arrangements, being withdrawn from lessons in the mainstream classroom and being given token work are just some common practices. Recently we have encountered current debates, which argue for and against integration. There is a push towards all children being educated in mainstream schools. However whether this is good or bad depends on a variety of factors, for example, resources available, school ethos and staff training. It is important to also recognise that

The interface to a mobile (wireless) webcamera Essay

The interface to a mobile (wireless) webcamera - Essay Example In addition, a camera or a TV receiver can be added to the mobile communication terminal to display a moving picture. A mobile communication terminal equipped with the camera can display the moving picture and a still picture by taking a photograph of an object, and can also transmit a photographed image to other mobile communication terminals. in this way we can able to display the moving picture if any camera or a TV receiver can be added to the mobile communication terminal which have some high speed data and communication and voice communication will also be attended by using a mobile communication terminal. However, when taking a photograph by using the camera of the mobile communication terminal, a user must manually push a button on the camera body to activate a camera shutter. Therefore, if a user wants to take a photograph of himself/herself by using the camera of the mobile communication terminal, the user will have to stretch and extend his/her hand that is gripping the mobile communication terminal to a proper camera range and push the camera shutter activation button. Accordingly, although the user can take a photograph of his or her face or other body part, it is impossible to photograph the user's entire body when the user takes a photograph of him/her using the camera of the mobile communication terminal. by using the camera of the mobile communication terminal, the user will have to stretch and extend his/her hand that is gripping the mobile communication terminal to a proper camera range and push the camera shutter activation button.3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION - Accordingly, the present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems occurring in the prior art, and an object of the present invention is to provide a mobile communication terminal capable of taking a photograph by using a remote-controlled camera equipped therein

Environmental Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Environmental Health - Essay Example The venom that gets passed at the time of the bite is the primary reason that causes the disease and subsequently the venom is transmitted into the blood vessels of the patients bringing about maximum detrimental effects. However, with proper treatment an individual can survive the nastiest of the dog bites along with the killer disease i.e. rabies (Willoughby et al. 2508-2514). According to Knobel et al., near about 99% of all individual deaths as a result of rabies occur in the developing nations and even though useful and reasonable control measures are offered, rabies remains a deserted infection throughout most of the developing nations (360-388). A major aspect in the low rate of rabies control is the deficiency in the availability of accurate data in terms of community health impact of the disease. It is widely accepted that the amount of casualties formally reported greatly undervalues the true occurrence of the disease. Patients may not be present for medical treatments of t he clinically acclaimed fatal disease in time wherein only a few cases obtain laboratory affirmation and moreover clinical cases are regularly not reported by the concerned hospital and medical authorities (Knobel et al. 360-388). According to Wells, an extension of protest against rabies—which has been over shadowed in northern Malaya since a very long time—finally occurred in Kuala Lumpur in the year 1952 (731-42). The outbreak was covered up by the necessary mass immunization of dogs, enactment of tough legislations and severe destruction of stray dogs. Similar measures were being engaged in the recent operations with an aim to eradicate the disease completely. From regular annual incidences... The research paper â€Å"Environmental Health† evaluates that three diseases (i.e. Rabies, Avian flu and West Nile Virus) are considered mortal diseases that are responsible for significant occurrences of deaths of human beings in various countries. According to Willoughby et al., rabies in persons is a mortal disease characterized by harsh encephalopathy and widespread paresis. The primary reason for rabies to occur amid individuals is dog bites. Along with this, bite from a dog can deliver excruciating pain that may result in extensive bleeding and may cause death as well if it is not treated appropriately in time. It is a very severe disease and can lead to circumstances in which a victim may suffer from numerous health-related problems such as abnormal vomiting, headache and weakness. These types of physical disorders can lead to extreme downfall in physical along with mental conditions and can have drastic effects that may deteriorate the health in the long-term. Accordin g to the observation of Nerlich and Halliday, a new 21st century virus that might lead to a fresh disease began in the year 1997 when an ailment called ‘bird ï ¬â€šu’ broke out in Hong Kong and killed human beings by way of infection. This was a new twist in avian ï ¬â€šu, the highly infectious disease. According to reports, a total of eighteen people were infected and around six people died from the outbreak of the disease in Hong Kong. The major reason was close contact with chicken. It is a virus for which human beings do not possess any immunity.

The interface to a mobile (wireless) webcamera Essay

The interface to a mobile (wireless) webcamera - Essay Example In addition, a camera or a TV receiver can be added to the mobile communication terminal to display a moving picture. A mobile communication terminal equipped with the camera can display the moving picture and a still picture by taking a photograph of an object, and can also transmit a photographed image to other mobile communication terminals. in this way we can able to display the moving picture if any camera or a TV receiver can be added to the mobile communication terminal which have some high speed data and communication and voice communication will also be attended by using a mobile communication terminal. However, when taking a photograph by using the camera of the mobile communication terminal, a user must manually push a button on the camera body to activate a camera shutter. Therefore, if a user wants to take a photograph of himself/herself by using the camera of the mobile communication terminal, the user will have to stretch and extend his/her hand that is gripping the mobile communication terminal to a proper camera range and push the camera shutter activation button. Accordingly, although the user can take a photograph of his or her face or other body part, it is impossible to photograph the user's entire body when the user takes a photograph of him/her using the camera of the mobile communication terminal. by using the camera of the mobile communication terminal, the user will have to stretch and extend his/her hand that is gripping the mobile communication terminal to a proper camera range and push the camera shutter activation button.3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION - Accordingly, the present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems occurring in the prior art, and an object of the present invention is to provide a mobile communication terminal capable of taking a photograph by using a remote-controlled camera equipped therein

The UK manufacturing sector has declined significantly over the last Essay

The UK manufacturing sector has declined significantly over the last 40 years - Essay Example This structural change had created disturbances in the labour market as jobs had to be redistributed from declining to growing sectors leading to significant shifts in the design of industrial specialisation at both the national and regional level (Robson 2006). Changing patterns of domestic demand—Pattern of domestic demand saw changes due to economic development. With the maturity of the economy the consumer demand changed from goods to services. Due to increased presence of public sector services, it led to growth of tertiary sector. The shift in UK demand for manufactured goods grew faster than expected, which was hardly relevant for a bigger changeover for the UK industries producing goods. As the pattern of demand is also impacted by changes in the age structure of population, it affected the demographic pattern by 1.68M less people in the age group of 16-24 in 1996 in comparison to 1981. Growth in education, recreation and entertainment sectors suffered due to lack of resources. Statistics show that between 1983-1993, the total actual consumer spending at 1990 prices increased by 33.5% but on recreation, entertainment and education it increased by 55% while on food items it went up only by 11.3% (Lam 2010). Changes in the availability of resources—the availability of resources, as it happened very unexpectedly with oil finding in 1973 and 1979 when OPEC decreased the production of oil, its prices shot upward. It directly affected the substitutes and compliments prices like coal, gas and cars. It affected the production and employment in energy-related industries such as steel industry (Griffith 2003). International competition and globalisation—has been a force affecting the economic structure of the UK. Due to changing consumer tastes, introduction of new products and reducing comparative costs, economic functions got reallocated globally. For example, the UK motor-cycle industry could not meet the standards,

George Orwell, 1984 Essay Example for Free

George Orwell, 1984 Essay The introduction of the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four says it all. It cannot be denied that control is present in the society. A few sentences in the first paragraph: â€Å"On each landing, opposite the lift shaft, the poster with the enormous face gazed from the wall. It was one of those pictures which are so contrived that the eyes follow you about when you move. BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, the caption beneath it ran (Orwell 2). † How do you feel when you keep being reminded that someone is looking after you? Or, to be more politically correct, having you under surveillance? The introduction of the book is about Winston Smith who gets inside his London apartment. The tone of the introductory sentences is depressing and dark. The living conditions are undeniably squalid. In this part, it was clear that Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia are the three superpowers that divide the world into pieces. Oceania is where Winston Smith came from (Orwell 1). These superpowers are never in good terms with each other. Because of the wartime conditions that seem constant in the environment and the nature of the countries, the people of Oceania are always repressed. The conditions brought about by war caused the government of Oceania to let its people suffer through repression. The people are always monitored. Surveillance is as common as eating. The party members, however, are not always given enough supply. There is also a private rebellion taking place because the government was no longer humane. In this private rebellion, Winston Smith is a member of the Outer Party. Winston is writing in his diary every single day. Because this decision is crucial, he accepted that what goes with private rebellion is doing some forbidden steps. He has to do forbidden steps because he is serving a party that he did not want to serve (Orwell 2). He buys the diary which was part of the things confiscated during a raid into the proletariats. He meets a young lady outside the shop where he purchased the diary, and he noticed that it is the same girl who keeps on eyeing at him for a few days. Because Winston started feeling that he should be there, and because he felt that the woman was spying on him, he immediately tries to stay away from her (Orwell 2). With this introduction, it clearly shows how totalitarianism has ruled the world. Nineteen Eight-Four is a novel that shows negative utopia. It cannot be denied that totalitarianism was at its most rigid. Totalitarianism was the kind of power used to execute total control of the people (Ellis and Reed, 2008). Orwell had been successful in representing control, in which he introduced through an entity referred to as Big Brother. This has four branches. One is called the Ministry of Love, in which law enforcement is done. The other is called Ministry of Plenty, where economic affairs and issues are handled. The Ministry of Peace is what takes charge of the war taking place in the country and around the world. The Ministry of Truth is the one that manages the dissemination of propaganda. Without the Ministry of Truth, the printed materials and other things needed for administering propaganda won’t be equally distributed. These four ministries make up the government (Ellis and Reed 2). Meanwhile, Winston Smith does not conform to this ideology. This idea is spoon-fed to him, with the concept of Big Brother being used. The government is feeding him with unnecessary things and ideas that he, himself, knows he does not need. Going back to the life of George Orwell, it can be seen that he reflects the character in his novel. George Orwell, like Winston Smith, has the same aesthetic and social characteristics. They both have the same political perceptions. This may be the reason why the novel is undeniably an excellent one, because he could write it as easily as writing his own thoughts, beliefs and feelings. He wrote excellently the representation of control in just simple paragraphs like: â€Å"Behind Winston’s back the voice from the telescreen was still babbling away about pig-iron and the overfulfilment of the Ninth Three-Year Plan. The telescreen received and transmitted simultaneously. Any sound that Winston made, above the level of a very low whisper, would be picked up by it, moreover, so long as he remained within the field of vision which the metal plaque commanded, he could be seen as well as heard (Orwell 8). † In the novel, there was clearly no way of being aware about how an individual is being watched. If an individual had to make a sound, someone will always hear it. If an individual is in the dark, then he or she can be safe. But if it is bright out there, then there is no chance that the movement of the individual is monitored and fully observed (Orwell 8). The practice of control as a way of administering power was done through television surveillance in the novel. Security cameras are everywhere. Just about any spot, a speed camera will be seen. The citizens were disturbed, and especially Winston Smith, because the people were not free and they were no longer happy with their lives of what the government was doing to them. In a more physical point of view, George Orwell wrote the following to give the audience a better picture of how the government, in the novel, had controlled and repressed the people (Ellis and Reed 2). The political perceptions of George Orwell are shown through Winston Smith. Aside from Orwell’s perception of politics, he also showed his disbelief, or skepticism, rather, of mass media, through the character of Winston Smith. It is no surprise that George Orwell was skeptic of the media because he has spent some of his time working for BBC, also known as the British Broadcasting Company. By working for BBC, he was able to see how information was distorted before it is distributed to the public (Ellis and Reed 2). The information they got were not presented as is on television. He was aware as he witnessed how propaganda was distorted. Because of his experience in working for a mass media outfit, he knew that whatever the public was getting from the television, the radio and the newspapers were not at all completely true (Ellis and Reed 2). Other information and important facts were omitted before news is aired. Now, he came up with the novel to let the public know what is happening behind authorities, and how much control is being executed before the public gets what it gets (Ellis and Reed 2). Control, in this novel, is clearly represented because it does not state that control is destroying the society just because it is there. The novel Nineteen Eighty-Four clearly suggests that the government, or the state as a whole, is there to manipulate everything. Individuals in the society are being controlled by the state, and control is employed on the information being released to the public. In the novel, the â€Å"telescreen† is a constant object. The telescreen, in the novel, is a tool for control. Everyone needs to have a telescreen. It is a dominant item in any household in London, especially in Airstrip One, the capital city, which used to be referred to as England. Aside from the telescreen, other ways are used to employ power and a quote from the book is here to show it, â€Å"There will be no love, except the love of BIG BROTHER. There will be no laughter, except the laugh of triumph over a defeated enemy. There will be no art, no literature, no science. There will be no distinction between beauty and ugliness. There will be no curiosity, no enjoyment of the process of life† (Orwell 238). Indeed, the state, just like in today’s society, aims to reshape the minds of the people. Whatever is happening in the novel of George Orwell does not end there. It continues and is widely seen in our society today. Out society, through the television, convert our minds into what the government or the media thinks we should think about. The theories of mass media are there to help us understand that for the media to sell, they need to create something interesting for our eyes. We need to see controversies. With all these, we learn to create our sides. Creating our sides is never pure anymore because even before we learn to form our opinion, the media and the state already manipulates the information given to use. The tools we use to shape our minds when it comes to our thoughts on the elections, the issues on war and terror, and economic crisis, are shaped by a higher power by using control.

Roles Of Users, Payers And Buyers

Roles Of Users, Payers And Buyers Consumer behaviour study is based on consumer buying behaviour, with the consumer playing the three distinct roles of users, payer and buyer. Consumer behaviour is the study of when, why, how, and where people do or do not buy products. It blends elements from psychology, sociology, social anthropology and economics. It attempts to understand the buyer decision making process, both individually and in groups. It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as demographics and behavioural variables in an attempt to understand peoples wants. It also tries to assess influences on the consumer from groups such as family, friends, reference groups, and society in general. WHAT IS CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR? Consumer behaviour can be defined as the dynamic interaction of affect and cognition, behaviour, and environmental events by which human beings conduct the exchange aspects of their lives. There are at least three important ideas in this definition: (1) consumer behaviour is dynamic; (2) it involves interaction between affect and cognition, behaviour, and environmental events; and (3) it involves exchange. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR IS DYNAMIC First, the definition emphasis that consumer behaviour is dynamic. This means individual consumers, consumer groups, and society at large are constantly changing and evolving over time. This has important implications for the study of consumer behaviour as well as for developing marketing strategies. In terms of studying consumer behaviour, one implication is that generalizations about consumer behaviour are usually limited to specific periods of time, products, and individuals or groups. Thus, students of consumer behaviour must be careful not to over- generalize theories and research findings. In terms of developing marketing strategies, the dynamic nature of consumer behaviour implies that one should not expect the same marketing strategy to work all the time across all products, markets, and industries. While this may seem obvious, many companies have failed to recognize the need to adapt their strategies in different markets. Further, a strategy that is successful at one point may fail miserably at another point because of the dynamism of the consumers and the markets, and this is what makes marketing strategy development such an exciting , yet challenging, task. DATABASE MARKETING Many companies have developed extensive database that allow them to target individual consumers. Here are a few of them: NESTLE chose to launch a new pasta product through the post rather than through television. It is cheaper for them to develop a database of the right socioeconomic profile of pasta-eaters than it is to promote via television. UNILEVER uses database marketing to target their loyal customers, trying to make loyalty last. In Sweden, they are creating a database with users of their Organics shampoo on the basis of participants in a recent competition. They have also sent out samples of a new Dove sensitive crà ¨me douche to target segments in order to create awareness. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR INVOLVES INTERACTIONS A second important point emphasized in the definition of consumer behaviour is that it involves interactions between affect and cognition, behaviour, and environmental events. This means that to understand consumers and develop superior marketing strategies, we must understand what they think (cognition) and feel (affect), what they do (behaviour), and the things and places (environmental events) that influence and are influenced by what consumers think, feel, and do. Whether we are evaluating a single consumer, a target market, or an entire society, analysis of all three elements is useful for understanding and developing marketing strategies. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR INVOLVES EXCHANGES A final point emphasized in the definition of consumer behaviour is that it involves exchanges between human beings. This makes the definition of consumer behaviour consistent with current definitions of marketing that also emphasize exchange. In fact, the role of marketing is to create exchanges with consumers by formulating and implementing marketing strategies. APPROACHES TO CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH Two broad groups are interested in consumer behaviour a basic research group and an action-oriented group. The basic research group is mainly composed of academic researchers interested in studying consumer behaviour as a way of developing a unique body of knowledge about this aspect of human behaviour. These researchers have backgrounds in anthropology, sociology, psychology, economics, and marketing, as well as other fields. The majority of published work on consumer behaviour is basic research, and this work forms the foundation of our text. Because researchers dealing with consumer behaviour have different backgrounds, the way in which they analyse consumer behaviour, the topics they concentrate on, the kind of theories they develop, and the kind of research methods they employ differ as well. Some consumer research is very qualitative, with an emphasis on understanding a particular consumption event, a particular familys consumer behaviour, or the success of a particular brand based on the context in which these phenomena occur and on the history leading up to the occurrence of the phenomenon. Other consumer research concentrates on finding regularities in consumer behaviour that apply in a broad variety of contexts across time and space, such as the effect of personal involvement in a purchase, on information seeking behaviour or the effect of sales promotions on shopping behaviour in supermarkets. CONSUMER AFFECT AND COGNITION Consumer affect and cognition refer to two types of mental responses consumers have to stimuli and events in their environment. Affect refers to their feelings about stimuli and events, such as whether they like or dislike a product. Cognition refers to their thinking, such as beliefs about a particular product. Affective responses can be favourable or unfavourable and vary in intensity. For instance, affect includes relatively intense emotions, such as love or anger; less strong feeling states such as satisfaction or frustration; moods such as boredom or relaxation, and milder overall attitudes, such as liking McDonalds chips or disliking Bic pens. Marketers typically develop strategies to create positive affect for their products and brands to increase the chances that consumers will buy them. Cognition refers to the mental structures and processes involved in thinking, understanding, and interpreting stimuli and events. It includes the knowledge, meaning, and beliefs that consumers have developed from their experience and stored in their memories. It also includes the processes associated with paying attention to and understanding stimuli and events, remembering past events, forming evaluations, and making purchasing decisions and choices. While many aspects of cognition are conscious thinking processes, others are essentially automatic. SOME BASIC QUESTIONS ABOUT CONSUMER AFFECT AND COGNITION 1. How do consumers interpret information about marketing stimuli such as products, stores, and advertising? 2. How do consumers choose among alternative product classes, products, and brands? 3. How do consumers form evaluations of products and brands? 4. How does memory affect consumer decision making? 5. How do affect and cognition influence behaviour and environments? CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Behaviour refers to the physical actions of actions of consumers that can be directly observed and measured by others. It is also called overt behaviour to distinguish it from mental activities, such as thinking, that cannot be observed directly. Examples of behaviour include shopping at stores, buying products, or using credit cards. Behaviour is critical for marketing strategy because it is only through behaviour that sales can be made and profits earned. While many marketing strategies are designed to influence consumers affect and cognition, these strategies must ultimately result in overt consumer behaviour for them to have value for the company. It is therefore critical for marketers to analyse, understand, and influence overt behaviour. SOME BASIC QUESTIONS ABOUT CONSUMER BEHAVIOURS 1. How do behaviour approaches differ from affective and cognitive approaches to studying consumer behaviour? 2. What is classical conditioning, and how is it used by marketers to influence consumer behaviour? 3. What is operant conditioning, and how is it used by marketers to influence consumer behaviour? 4. What is vicarious learning, and how is it used by marketers to influence consumer behaviour? 5. What consumer behaviours are of interest to marketing management? CONSUMER ENVIRONMENT The consumer environment refers to everything external to consumers that influence what they think, feel, and do. It includes social stimuli that influence consumers, such as the actions of others in cultures, subcultures, social classes, reference groups, and families. It also includes other physical stimuli, such as stores, products, advertisements, and signs which can change consumers thoughts, feelings, and actions. The consumer environment is important for marketing strategy because it is the medium in which stimuli are placed to influence consumers. For example, marketers run commercials during TV programmes that their target markets watch in order to inform, persuade, and remind them to buy certain products and brands. SOME BASIC QUESTIONS ABOUT CONSUMER ENVIRONMENT 1. In what physical environments do consumer behaviours occur? 2. How do environments affect consumers affect and cognition and behaviour? 3. How do consumers affect and cognition and behaviour affect the environment? 4. What effect does culture have on consumers? 5. What effect does subculture have on consumers? RELATIONSHIPS AMONG AFFECT AND COGNITION, BEHAVIOUR, AND THE ENVIRONMENT Each of the three elements can be either a cause or an effect of a change in the other element. For example, a consumer might see an advert for a new laundry detergent that promises to wash clothes cleaner than OMO. This might change what the consumer thinks about the new brand and lead to a purchase of it. In this case, a change in the consumers environment (the advert for the new detergent), led to a change in cognition (the consumer believed the new detergent was better) which led to a change in behaviour (the consumer bought the new brand). Another possibility is that a consumer might be dissatisfied with his or her current brand of laundry detergent. On the consumers next trip to the grocery, other brands are inspected, and one that promises to get white clothes whiter is selected. In this example, a change in affect and cognition (dissatisfaction) leads to a change in the consumers environment (inspecting other brands) which leads to change in behaviour (purchase of a different brand). While there are other ways changes could occur, these examples serve to illustrate our view of consumers. Namely, that not only do consumer processes involve a dynamic and interactive system, but they are also a reciprocal system. A reciprocal system is one in which any of the elements could be either a cause or an effect of a change at any particular time. Affect and cognition could change consumers behaviour and environment; behaviours could change consumers affect, cognitions and environments. Environments can change consumers affect, cognition and behaviour. There are five implications of viewing consumer processes as a reciprocal system involving affect and cognition, behaviour, and the environment. First, any comprehensive analyses of consumers must consider all three elements and the relationships of them. Description of consumers in terms of only one or two of the elements is incomplete. Second, it is important to recognize that any of the three elements may be the starting point for consumer analysis. While we think that marketing strategists should start with an analysis of the specific overt behaviours consumers must perform to achieve marketing objectives, useful analyses could start with affect and cognition by researching what consumers think and feel about such things as the various brands of a product. Third, since this view is dynamic, it recognises that consumers can continuously change. While some consumers may change little during a particular time period, others may frequently change their affect, cognition, behaviour, and environments. Keeping abreast of consumers therefore involves continuous research to detect changes that could influence marketing strategies. Fourth, while our example focused on a single consumer, consumer analysis can be applied at several levels. It can be used to analyse not only a single consumer, but also a group of consumers that make up a target market, a larger group of consumers which make up all of the purchasers of a product in an industry, or for an entire society. Finally, this framework for analysing consumers highlights the importance of consumer research and analysis in developing marketing strategies. Consumer research and analysis should be key activities for developing marketing strategies. Consumer research includes many types of study such as test marketing, advertising pre-tests, sales promotion effects, analysis of sales and market share data, pricing experiments, traffic and shopping patterns, brand attitude and intentions, and many others. Consumer research and analysis should not end when a strategy has been implemented. Rather research should continue to investigate the effects of the strategy and whether it could be changed to be more effective. Thus, marketing strategy should involve a continuous process of researching and analysing consumers, developing strategies, implementing them, and continuously improving strategies. INFORMATION SEARCH Once the consumer has recognized a problem, they search for information on products and services that can solve that problem. Sources of information include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Personal sources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Commercial sources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Public sources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Personal experience The relevant internal psychological process that is associated with information search is perception. Perception is defined as the process by which an individual receives, selects, organizes, and interprets information to create a meaningful picture of the world. THE SELECTIVE PERCEPTION PROCESS Stage Description à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Selective exposure consumers select which promotional messages they will expose themselves to. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Selective attention consumers select which promotional messages they will pay attention to. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Selective comprehension consumers interpret messages in line with their beliefs, attitudes, motives and experiences. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Selective retention consumers remember messages that are more meaningful or important to them. The implications of this process help develop an effective promotional strategy, and select which sources of information are more effective for the brand. INFORMATION EVALUATION At this time the consumer compares the brands and products that are in their evoked set. How can the marketing organization increase the likelihood that their brand is part of the consumers evoked (consideration) set? Consumers evaluate alternatives in terms of the functional and psychological benefits that they offer. The marketing organization needs to understand what benefits consumers are seeking and therefore which attributes are most important in terms of making a decision. PURCHASE DECISION Once the alternatives have been evaluated, the consumer is ready to make a purchase decision. Sometimes purchase intention does not result in an actual purchase. The marketing organization must facilitate the consumer to act on their purchase intention. The provision of credit or payment terms may encourage purchase, or a sales promotion such as the opportunity to receive a premium or enter a competition may provide an incentive to buy now. The relevant internal psychological process that is associated with purchase decision is integration. POSTPURCHASE EVALUATION It is common for customers to experience concerns after making a purchase decision. This arises from a concept that is known as cognitive dissonance. The customer, having bought a product, may feel that an alternative would have been preferable. In these circumstances that customer will not repurchase immediately, but is likely to switch brands next time. To manage the post-purchase stage, it is the job of the marketing team to persuade the potential customer that the product will satisfy his or her needs. Then after having made a purchase, the customer should be encouraged that he or she has made the right decision. It is not affected by advertisement. INTERNAL INFLUENCES Consumer behaviour is influenced by: demographics, psychographics (lifestyle), personality, motivation, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and feelings. Consumer behaviour concern with consumer need consumer actions in the direction of satisfying needs leads to his behaviour of every individual depend on thinking process. EXTERNAL INFLUENCES Consumer behaviour is influenced by: culture, sub-culture, locality, royalty, ethnicity, family, social class, reference groups, lifestyle, and market mix factors. MARKETING STRATEGY From a consumer point of view, a marketing strategy is a set of stimuli placed in consumers environments designed to influence their affect, cognition, and behaviour. These stimuli include such things as products, brands, packaging, advertisements, coupons, stores, credit cards, price tags, salespeoples communications, and in some cases sounds (music), smells (perfume), and other sensory cues. Clearly, marketing strategies should not only be designed to influence consumers, but should also be influenced by them. For example, if research shows that consumers are disgusted (affect and cognition) with the advertisements for Armani jeans, the company may want to change its adverts to better appeal to the market. If research shows that consumers in the target market do not shop (behaviour) in stores where a companys product is featured, then the distribution strategy may have to be changed. If the research shows that consumers want to be able to get information from a companys homepage (environment) and none exists, the company may want to create one. Thus marketing strategies should be developed, implemented, and changed based on consumer research and analysis. REFRENCES: Peter J .P, Olson J.C and Grunert K .G (1999) Consumer Behaviour and Marketing Strategy, McGraw-Hill, Berkshire, England. Schiffman L .G and Kanuk L .L (1995) Consumer Behaviour, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi. INTERNET SOURCES: Consumer Behaviour curled from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/consumer_behaviour Consumer Psychologist curled from http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/ THE ROLE OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR IN STRATEGIC MARKETING COMMUNICATION à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consumer Affect and Cognition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consumer Behaviour à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consumer Environment

Party Monster :: essays research papers

We're two peas in a pod," says '80s club kid Michael Alig (Macaulay Culkin) to his friend James St. James (Seth Green), as they sit in their squalid-but-fabulous Manhattan apartment. "Pity the pod," says James. No, pity the audience. Filmmakers Fenton Bailey and Randy Barbato (who made the sweet, sympathetic documentary "Eyes of Tammy Faye") originally made a documentary version of "Party Monster," which tells the true story of Alig's downfall, from top-of-the-world party boy to killer now serving jail time. It probably makes far more compelling viewing than this feature version, which answers none of the questions Alig's story raises. Instead, it poses one of its own: How could anyone bear to spend any time in the same room with this guy? Culkin, returning to movies after a long absence, plays Alig in a painfully arch and affected manner, pursing his curly lips and perpetually posing. Alig was a small-town boy who arrived in New York to reinvent himself, drawing an ever-increasing circle of happy misfits around him, but we never see the magnetism that attracted these people — just an actor toying with stereotypes. Likewise, Green (who delivers every line as if he's in the throes of a bad cold) can't find any truth in this twisted buddy movie; to be fair, he's not helped by lines like "Michael was growing on me, like a fungus." And Fenton and Barbato give the movie a wiggly, pseudo-documentary framing device, in which Green, in a deck chair, addresses the camera. Nothing wrong with blending genres ("American Splendor" did it splendidly), but it feels too self-conscious here, we don't yet know who Green is, nor are given a reason to care. "Party Monster" has some wonderfully colorful sequences, aptly re-creating the glitter and fashion excesses of its era.

Hip Hop Music Culture Essay -- Rap, music and cultural movement

This essay aims to examine the importance of the Hip-Hop culture in 21st century society. It will begin with consideration of the history of Hip-Hop, discussing its stylistic adaptations, cultural preferences and concerns, referring to the studies of black culture by Ellis Cashmore and Mark Neal. Within this I will explore the ethnicity and authenticity of the culture, with reference to last years Popular Music and its Cultural Context unit. The essay will then move on to evaluate the culture’s relationship with the media, concentrating on the well documented moral panics associated with the culture; I will make particular reference to the theories of Stan Cohen. By studying the political and historical patterns of the culture, I endeavour to discover the overall meaning which the culture has for its members and for society. It is primarily important to coin what Hip-Hop is, the dictionary definition describes Hip-Hop as: hip-hop (h p h p ) or hip hop noun. 1. A popular urban youth culture, closely associated with rap music and with the style and fashions of African-American inner-city residents. 2. Rap music. As a culture Hip-Hop includes four main categories of expression; Mixing, Dancing, Graffiti Art and Rapping, known as MC’ing. Hip-Hop was first recognised in New York around the mid 1970s, considered as a reaction to social movements of the time. In America the 70s and 80s were subject to negative behaviour towards black communities which consisted of Jamaican and Puerto Ricans as well as African-Americans, it was argued that the ruling of Reagan led to this behaviour. Hip-Hop culture was seen as an escape from the explosion of gang violence throughout the 1970s and 80s, providing black American youths with a space for expression, this freedom of speech led to the spreading of Hip-Hop to other cities where black communities suffered. As Tricia Rose states, ‘It satisfies poor young black people’s profound need to have their territories acknowledged, recognised and celebrated.’ (Rose, 1994: p.11, cited in Neal, 1997: p.136) The first UK top ten Hip-Hop hit wa s recorded in 1979 by the Sugar Hill Gang, called ‘Rappers Delight’. The recognition of this song noted the continuous exchange of musical ideas between black and white. The atmosphere created between black and white musicians from Britain and America was perfect for the sounds o... ...the Hip-Hop culture will continue. The policing of artists and their music are likely to become stricter, with parental advisory placed on increasingly offensive lyrics and with the boost in crime rates associated with Hip-Hop policing will be more specific. However, I do not believe that increased awareness and policing of Hip-Hop will lead to the waning of its popularity, if anything; I think it will continue to add to the novelty of the culture. Bibliography Baker, H. & Diawara, M. & Lindeborg, R. (1996) Black British Cultural Studies: A Reader, University Press: Chicago Cashmore, E. (1997) The Black Culture Industry, London: Routledge Cohen, P. & Baines, H. (1982) Multi-Racist Britain, London: Macmillan Cohen, S. (1973) Folk Devils and Moral Panics, St Albans: Paladin Dyson, M. (1996) Between God and Gangsta Rap, University Press: Oxford Neal, M. (1999) Black Popular Music and Black Public Culture: What the Music Said, London: Routledge Oliver, P. (1990) Black Music in Britain, University Press: Milton Keynes Springhall, J. (1998) Youth, Popular Culture and Moral Panics, London: Macmillan Thompson, K. (1998) Moral Panics, London: Routledge

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence Speech Essay

In this 3 – minute speech, you need to promote a product or an idea to your audience. You must use Monroe’s Motivated Sequence to organize your materials. Some research is required to support your claims. Use this sheet as your guide to organize your thoughts and as your notes to present. Turn this in after your presentation. Attention: Please use a hypothetical scenario, a story, a question, a quote, or other ways to get the audience’s attention. Have you ever skipped breakfast before? If you Google the term â€Å"skip breakfast,† more than 10 million results turn up, often with information about how eating breakfast is crucial to maintain a healthy lifestyle. But why do you still skip the breakfast? Need/Problem: Please demonstrate there is a problem or an unfulfilled need that has detrimental effect on the audience. Use research data to support that claim. * (Sp1) â€Å"I want to lose weight.† â€Å"I’m on diet,† is a common excuse for people who skip breakfast. This is actually counterproductive. According to Jane Harrison, R.D., Staff Nutritionist at Web site myOptumHealth, people who eat a balanced breakfast less tend to obesity. They are more likely to avoid a drop in blood sugar that will lead them to make unwise food choices later in the day. * (Sp2) â€Å"I don’t have time to eat.† â€Å"I don’t have time,† is another excuse of people who don’t eat breakfast. Considering the health benefit of breakfast, it is worth setting the alarm to wake you five minutes earlier. * (Sp3) â€Å"I don’t feel hungry in the morning.† â€Å"I’m not hungry in the morning,† is a common refrain of people looking to skip breakfast. For these people, the American Dietetic Association recommends: â€Å"Start your day with a cup of 100 percent fruit juice or a piece of whole-wheat toast.† Most people can get that down. Later, when you feel hungry, they recommend having a mid-morning snacks. Satisfaction/ Solution: Please tell us how this problem can be solved or how this need will be fulfilled. Cereal bars is your optimal choice. * (SP1): Cereal bars could help you lose weight. Eating cereal in the morning can remain a balanced blood-sugar level, which can decrease hunger throughout the day so by lunchtime and onwards, you tend to eat less and keep a clear mind to make wise choice for lunch and dinner. * (SP2): Cereal bars could save you time on preparing breakfast. Assembling a full breakfast may be a challenge for someone with a tight schedule, and many people believe that breakfast is an important meal, so cereal bars fill the need. * (SP3): Cereal bars could be a healthy mid-morning snacks. People can also snack on a cereal bar in the middle of the day, with some people carrying cereal bars so that they can keep their blood-sugar under control. Visualization: Please describe what life would be like for the audience if this problem is solved and this need is fulfilled. You can enjoy a healthy breakfast help you to lose weight. You can set your alarm 10 minutes later to wake you up. You can enjoy the delicious snack whenever you want. Action: Please urge your audience to take specific action to address this issue. Reemphasize that the world/ their life would be better if they do. Anytime, anywhere, Ready to go. Bibliography 1. Marano, H. (2012). Champions of Breakfast. Psychology Today, 45(4), 44. 2. REECE, T. (2012). Eat more weigh less. Essence (Time Inc.), 43(1), 135-138. 3. what are cereal bars. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-cereal-bars.htm 4. Rebecca, J. (n.d.). Excuses for not eating breakfast. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/list_7146953_excuses-not-eating-breakfast.html

Topics History

Choosing one of the following topics, you will write a 750 to 1 000 word paper based on the reading of Pocahontas and the Phaeton Dilemma. This paper must be computer generated, double-spaced, with standard one-inch margins and 12 pat. Font. Papers must answer the question(s) using at least two (2), and no more than three (3), quotes from the book that are properly cited. Quotes can be no longer than three (3) sentences. Please reference the Essay Guidelines handout and the citations handout, both of which can be mound on Blackboard.Both handouts will provide you with more specific instructions regarding style, citations, and organization. 1) What exactly is the Phaeton dilemma? In answering this question, describe the various ways that both Pocahontas and the other peoples of Phaeton's confederacy attempted to resolve this problem. What consequences resulted from their methods? Or 2) How does this book present an alternate story about Pocahontas that challenges the traditional stor y found in previous books, movies, and Disney orators.Please provide evidence for your argument (answer) using quotes from the Townsend book. Note: Each paper must have a title page and a bibliography. Papers must have a strong and clear introduction, use solid topic sentences in the body of the paper to introduce each part of your argument in answering the question, and a clear and concise conclusion which ties the paper together. Papers that fail to address any of these requirements will have points deducted accordingly.

Realism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Realism - Essay Example Therefore, even if not a constant state of war, international relations would appear a state of â€Å"relentless security competition, with the possibility of war always in the background† (Mearsheimer, â€Å"The False Promiseâ€Å", 9). This paper examines the role of institutions in the system of international relations, most notably their capacity, or alternatively, incapacity to prevent war and foster stability, as perceived by the realist tradition; as well as the degree to which institutions actually contribute to cooperation in a realist world. 2. Realism and International Institutions There are between four and five major assumptions about the international system identified with realism, which actually denote the main lines of realist tradition and form the basis for the development of any hypothesis or theory (Viotti and Kauppi 55; Mearsheimer, â€Å"The False Promiseâ€Å", 10). ... at stipulate the ways in which states should cooperate and compete with each other†, prescribing acceptable forms of state’s behavior, as well as the unacceptable ones; while other definitions encompass virtually all of international relations, i.e. from tariff bindings to war (â€Å"The False Promiseâ€Å", 8). According to Young, however, the latter is too broad a definition for a meaningful concept (cited in Mearsheimer 8). Realists, in turn, recognize that states operate – at least sometimes – through institutions (Mearsheimer, â€Å"The False Promiseâ€Å", 13). Insofar as in non-hierarchic political orders each political actor, i.e. state, must count on its own resources to realize its interests, and order is not imposed by a higher authority, but rather arises from the interactions between formally equal political partners, institutions – as understood by Mearsheimer (see above) – inevitably reflect states’ calculations of se lf-interest (Waltz 107; Donnelly 17; Mearsheimer, â€Å"The False Promiseâ€Å", 13). Thus, according to realism, the most powerful states in the international system â€Å"create and shape institutions so that they can maintain their share of world power, or even increase it†; hence institutions largely mirror the distribution of power within the system (Mearsheimer, â€Å"The False Promiseâ€Å", 13). Or in other words, institutions are regarded as â€Å"arenas for acting out power relationships† (Mearsheimer, â€Å"The False Promiseâ€Å", 13). Assuming that states are the principal actors in the international system, institutions – as a set of rules defining states’ behavior – are negotiated by states and inevitably entail the mutual acceptance of higher norms, â€Å"defined in terms of rights and obligations† (Mearsheimer, â€Å"The False Promiseâ€Å",

Project Management - Forming the Project Team Research Paper

Project Management - Forming the Project Team - Research Paper Example Therefore, Royal Tires & More Inc. will need to create and fill the roles or positions of accountants who will handle the accounting duties as well as the payroll, inventory manager/ supervisor or a store manager, who will be in-charge of the company’s inventory, cashiers who will use the point of sales system. In addition, the implementation of the new system will require Royal Tires & More Inc. to have mechanics who will use the customer and vendor management system while transacting with the customer on a face-to-face basis. According to Barry and Jamie (2004), a well-qualified accountant should be a certified public accountant, whom must have undergone an accountancy course and passed, and therefore he or she is well conversant with all accounting duties that range from financial accounting, tax accounting, and even the preparation of the payroll. In the case of Royal Tires & More Inc., they will require accountants who have knowledge and experience in using accounting software such as Sage, QuickBooks, or Pastel, and even payroll software. The accountants should have at least a work experience of one to two years. The store managers who will be in-charge of the inventory should have a knowledge on store keeping or inventory management, secondly they should be conversant with the use of inventory management software such as NetSuite. In addition, the store managers should also have a one to two years experience (Kieso et al. 2007). Thirdly, there is no specific qualification for the cashiers and they may even be recruited from amongst the mechanics who are good in calculations and are fast learners. There will be no experience required for this role as it not complex and even using the point of sale system does not involve any complexity. Lastly, the mechanics should have qualifications in the field of mechanical engineering with at least one and a half years of experience. As for the use of the customer

Foundations of Business Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Foundations of Business Law - Assignment Example Although George decides not to go with the suggestion, Kosmo invests a large sum of his profit in the Facebook shares. A month after the release of Facebook shares their value has reduced by 50%. In discovering this, Kosmo becomes really agitated and decides to go and talk to Gerry. As he burst out of the building he slams the door on the face of Newman, his neighbour who was also rushing in. As a result Newman is injured and will not be able to participate to the Adelaide Petanque Club Championship, which he has won for the past 3 years, also earning $40Â  000 cash prize each time. Question 1 Kosmo wants to know what kind of legal action, if any, he might have against Gerry. Gerry, a financial advisor in Tom & Gerry Limited advised George to buy shares in Facebook. In advising George on buying Facebook shares, Gerry acted on behalf of Tom & Gerry Ltd as his financial adviser. Since Gerry was working on behalf of Tom & Gerry Limited, it must be seen whether Tom & Gerry Limited would be liable on the principles of vicarious liability. The principle of vicarious liability states that the Employee shall be liable to compensate the Plaintiff, for any tortuous conduct by the employee committed in the course of the employee’s duties. In determining what is in the course of employment, a broad approach should be adopted in assessing the scope of employment. The closeness of the act to the scope of employment is the determining factor in this regard (House of Lords, 2001). The act of advising on investment options is closely related to Gerry’s role as a financial advisor. Therefore, on the principles of vicarious liability, it can be safely Tom & Gerry Limited would be liable for any tortuous act committed by Gerry in the course of his duties (House of Lords, 2001). Therefore, given that it is the company that is liable for the tortuous conduct of those acting with authority on its behalf, there is no cause of action against Gerry. The cause of action, i f any may lie against Tom & Gerry Limited. However, in the absence of additional facts, the mere fact that the stock price of Facebook collapsed after the purchase is no ground to sustain a claim for negligence against the Company. Without commenting on whether the act amounted to negligence, it must be determined whether the company owed any duty of care to Kosmo who invested in the shares of Facebook on the basis of such advice and suffered a loss on such investment. For imposing a duty of care there must be proximity of relationship between the plaintiff and the Defendant and nature of the harm caused must be foreseeable. Pertinently, the advice was given to George and not to Kosmo. Kosmo acted upon it without the knowledge of Gerry. Given that there was no proximity of relationship between Gerry and Kosmo, it follows that the reliance by Cosmo on such advice was not foreseeable by Tom & Gerry Limited. The facts of this case are similar to the decision of the House of Lords in Ca paro v Hickman (Jovis, 1990). It was held that an auditor who negligently issues misstatements in financial reports is not liable to outside investors who were not intended recipients of the report. Similar observations are found in the speech of Lord Denning, when he observed that for imposing a duty of care and skill, the relationship must be such where the advisor (in that case the accountant) is aware of the person for whom and purpose for which the advise would be used (Wikipedia, 1951) The

What are the causes of ethnic violenceDiscuss with reference to Essay

What are the causes of ethnic violenceDiscuss with reference to Yugoslavia as a case study - Essay Example However, the turning point of the unrest in this area was probably the ratification of the new constitution in 1974 which gave more autonomy to the individual republics that are part of the Yugoslavian jurisdiction (Devic, Ann (1998). According the new constitution, the republics have the option to declare its independence from the federation. Although this provision of the constitution is well-meaning and very democratic, this paved the way for people in the different republics in the Yugoslavian territory to seek independence and become a full-fledged nation on its own. The seed of nationalism is said to be planted by this provision of the constitution and spur the people from the republics to dream of becoming independent. The need to be independent by the republics became more apparent when the Yugoslavian President Josip Borz Tito died in the 1980s (Cairns E. and Roe M. (2003). The tension between the republics became more intense that June of 1991, Slovenia and Croatia decided that they want to become independent and severe their ties with the other federal republics (Cairns E. and Roe M. (2003). Later, in September of the same year, the republic of Macedonia made its intention to become independent while Bosnia and Herzegovina followed in March of 1992(Cairns E. and Roe M. (2003). Unfortunately, Serbia and Montenegro did not approve of the move of Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina to leave the federation. They however supported the idea of Slovenia leaving the federation. The assumption of Slobodan Milosevic in 1989 as president of Serbia, the largest and the most heavily populated republic in Yugoslav region brought the tension in the area to a higher level. In December 23, 1990, 88% of the voting populace in Serbia voted for independence (Spencer, Metta (1998). President Slobodan Milosevic also started his plan to unite the regions of Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia into a great Serbian republic

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY - Essay Example The use of social media, specifically Twitter has encouraged EFL/ESL learners to openly express themselves in their acquired language without fear of reprimand or ridicule from those around them, or their teachers (Junco, 2011). Students are more at home in this virtual environment and find themselves openly using the written English language to express themselves in an atmosphere where they can double check their grammar and spelling before sending out any message. The ability to ensure that communication is fluent as well as making sure that that the social posts are conveying some important messages makes Twitter an effective teaching tool for written English. The aim of this of this paper is to review current findings regarding the possible benefits of using Twitter as a written English teaching tool. The technology allows for a greater vocabulary acquisition among students through the effective use of Twitter in the practice of their written English skills (Junco, 2011). In this paper, a detailed review of the six articles is done. The articles define the reasons as to why Twitter makes for an effective teaching tool for written English with respect to EFL and ESL learners. Borau, K, et al. (2009). Micro-blogging for language learning: using twitter to train communicative and cultural competence. Advances in web-based learning - icwl. Berlin/New York: Springer Berlin Heidelberg Borau's article begins with an introduction to the fact that most English learners use Twitter as an active way of learning rather than a passive version. The author goes on to explain that students taught using various types of technologies have shown a remarkable improvement in their grasp and usage of the English language due to their ability to constantly practice the written version of the language online via Twitter. The specific mention of Twitter in the study was done in relation to a specific study done at the Shanghai Jiao Tong Distance College where ESL students were taug ht via online correspondence for a whole summer term in 2007. The article is very interesting as far as Twitter effect on written English is concerned. It is easy to agree with the article because the results of the experiment were quite successful and pointed towards the ability of Twitter to allow students to learn how to express themselves in effectively in English using only 140 characters. Cano, E. (n.d.). Mobile learning with twitter to improve linguistic competence at secondary schools. The New Educational Review, 134 -147. This article entails a study that was done within three school districts in Spain. In each school district, Twitter was used as part of the interdisciplinary program to develop linguistic competence among learners. Twitter was used as the main communication tool in this instance and it proved to be highly promising as a teaching tool for written English. In the article, Cano concluded that Twitter managed to promote a substantial improvement in terms of te aching and learning for both teachers and students respectively. This happened especially when the language is studied from a reading and writing perspective. It is agreeable with the author in the sense that he made mention of the ready availability of Twitter through various mediums such as tablets, laptops, and mobile phones which encourage students to practice their ESL writing skills during